Молекулярно-генетические методы видовой идентификации молока: обзор предметного поля

Введение: Фальсификация молочной продукции, включая добавление коровьего молока в козье, остается актуальной проблемой, затрагивающей вопросы подлинности, безопасности и защиты потребителей. Особое значение данный вид фальсификации имеет в связи с рисками для лиц, чувствительных к белкам коровьего молока. В этих условиях молекулярно-генетические методы рассматриваются как более перспективный подход к выявлению видовой фальсификации молока, поскольку основаны на анализе видоспецифичных участков ДНК, менее подверженных влиянию технологической обработки и биологических факторов по сравнению с белковыми и физико-химическими показателями.

Цель: Провести комплексный анализ современного состояния применения молекулярно-генетических методов для выявления видовой фальсификации молочных продуктов, в контексте предотвращения незаконной фальсификации и обеспечения высококачественной продукции в пищевой промышленности.

Материалы и методы: Обзор выполнен в соответствии с протоколом PRISMA-ScR. Поиск публикаций проводили в базах данных Google Scholar, PubMed и ScienceDirect с использованием ключевых слов, ориентированных на ПЦР-анализ, ДНК, козье и коровье молоко, а также фальсификацию молочной продукции. Основным критерием включения публикаций в исследование являлось наличие данных о видовой идентификации козьего и коровьего молока молекулярно-генетическими методами. В процессе анализа статей фиксировали сведения об авторах, годе публикации, стране проведения исследования, объекте исследования, виде животного, используемой методологии и ключевых выводах.

Результаты: В результате скрининга было выявлено 7437 документов. После удаления дубликатов для дальнейшего анализа использовались 1038 источников. На этапе скрининга по названию и аннотации исключили 937 публикаций, не соответствовавших критериям отбора. В процессе полнотекстового анализа 101 статьи, дополнительно исключили 42 работы. В обзор включено 59 публикаций. Анализ отобранных источников показал, что молекулярно-генетические методы являются наиболее перспективным инструментом видовой идентификации молока и молочной продукции благодаря высокой чувствительности и специфичности. При этом эффективность выявления примеси коровьего молока в козьем существенно зависит от типа исследуемой матрицы, степени технологической обработки продукции, выбора генетической мишени и используемого метода амплификации и детекции ДНК. Наиболее воспроизводимые и чувствительные результаты продемонстрировали методы ПЦР в реальном времени и цифровой ПЦР, тогда как отсутствие унифицированных подходов к выбору мишеней и протоколов анализа остаётся ключевым ограничением практического применения данных методов в системе рутинного контроля подлинности молочной продукции.

Выводы: Основной областью применения результатов настоящего обзора может быть расширение научной базы данных о молекулярно-генетических методах подтверждения подлинности состава молочной продукции, предлагая решение проблем видовой фальсификации и защиты интересов и здоровья потребителей. Полученные данные позволяют провести эффективное внедрение современных аналитических методов для выявления примеси коровьего молока в широком ассортименте продуктов переработки нетрадиционных видов молока. Практическая реализация предложенных направлений будет способствовать повышению достоверности видового состава молочного сырья, снижению риска экономически мотивированной фальсификации и формированию воспроизводимых протоколов для испытательных лабораторий, производителей и контрольно-надзорных организаций.

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