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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">foodmeta</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">FOOD METAENGINEERING</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>FOOD METAENGINEERING</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-6497</issn><publisher><publisher-name>All-Russian Dairy Research Institute</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37442/fme.2026.2.110</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">foodmeta-110</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзорная статья</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Scoping Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Молекулярно-генетические методы видовой идентификации молока: обзор предметного поля</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Molecular Genetic Methods for Species Identification of Milk: A Scoping Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6106-6088</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хан</surname><given-names>Алексей Владимирович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khan</surname><given-names>Alexey V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник, SPIN-код: 1235-9645</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a_khan@vnimi.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8069-9661</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лазарева</surname><given-names>Екатерина Германовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lazareva</surname><given-names>Ekaterina G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научный сотрудник, SPIN-код: 4159-8123</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e_lazareva@vnimi.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1491-7423</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коваль</surname><given-names>Дарья Дмитриевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koval</surname><given-names>Daria D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Младший научный сотрудник, SPIN-код: 2698-1652</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">d_koval@vnimi.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7852-3790</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фоменко</surname><given-names>Олег Юрьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fomenko</surname><given-names>Oleg Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший научный сотрудник, заведующий лабораторией прикладной микробиологии и геномики микроорганизмов, SPIN-код: 6833-5707</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">o_fomenko@vnimi.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАНУ "ВНИМИ"</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>All-Russian Dairy Research Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ВНИМИ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>All-Russian Dairy Research Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>2</issue><elocation-id>110</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хан А.В., Лазарева Е.Г., Коваль Д.Д., Фоменко О.Ю., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хан А.В., Лазарева Е.Г., Коваль Д.Д., Фоменко О.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khan A.V., Lazareva E.G., Koval D.D., Fomenko O.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.fme-journal.org/jour/article/view/110">https://www.fme-journal.org/jour/article/view/110</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение: Фальсификация молочной продукции, включая добавление коровьего молока в козье, остается актуальной проблемой, затрагивающей вопросы подлинности, безопасности и защиты потребителей. Особое значение данный вид фальсификации имеет в связи с рисками для лиц, чувствительных к белкам коровьего молока. В этих условиях молекулярно-генетические методы рассматриваются как более перспективный подход к выявлению видовой фальсификации молока, поскольку основаны на анализе видоспецифичных участков ДНК, менее подверженных влиянию технологической обработки и биологических факторов по сравнению с белковыми и физико-химическими показателями.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: Провести комплексный анализ современного состояния применения молекулярно-генетических методов для выявления видовой фальсификации молочных продуктов, в контексте предотвращения незаконной фальсификации и обеспечения высококачественной продукции в пищевой промышленности.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы: Обзор выполнен в соответствии с протоколом PRISMA-ScR. Поиск публикаций проводили в базах данных Google Scholar, PubMed и ScienceDirect с использованием ключевых слов, ориентированных на ПЦР-анализ, ДНК, козье и коровье молоко, а также фальсификацию молочной продукции. Основным критерием включения публикаций в исследование являлось наличие данных о видовой идентификации козьего и коровьего молока молекулярно-генетическими методами. В процессе анализа статей фиксировали сведения об авторах, годе публикации, стране проведения исследования, объекте исследования, виде животного, используемой методологии и ключевых выводах.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: В результате скрининга было выявлено 7437 документов. После удаления дубликатов для дальнейшего анализа использовались 1038 источников. На этапе скрининга по названию и аннотации исключили 937 публикаций, не соответствовавших критериям отбора. В процессе полнотекстового анализа 101 статьи, дополнительно исключили 42 работы. В обзор включено 59 публикаций. Анализ отобранных источников показал, что молекулярно-генетические методы являются наиболее перспективным инструментом видовой идентификации молока и молочной продукции благодаря высокой чувствительности и специфичности. При этом эффективность выявления примеси коровьего молока в козьем существенно зависит от типа исследуемой матрицы, степени технологической обработки продукции, выбора генетической мишени и используемого метода амплификации и детекции ДНК. Наиболее воспроизводимые и чувствительные результаты продемонстрировали методы ПЦР в реальном времени и цифровой ПЦР, тогда как отсутствие унифицированных подходов к выбору мишеней и протоколов анализа остаётся ключевым ограничением практического применения данных методов в системе рутинного контроля подлинности молочной продукции.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы: Основной областью применения результатов настоящего обзора может быть расширение научной базы данных о молекулярно-генетических методах подтверждения подлинности состава молочной продукции, предлагая решение проблем видовой фальсификации и защиты интересов и здоровья потребителей. Полученные данные позволяют провести эффективное внедрение современных аналитических методов для выявления примеси коровьего молока в широком ассортименте продуктов переработки нетрадиционных видов молока. Практическая реализация предложенных направлений будет способствовать повышению достоверности видового состава молочного сырья, снижению риска экономически мотивированной фальсификации и формированию воспроизводимых протоколов для испытательных лабораторий, производителей и контрольно-надзорных организаций.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction: Adulteration of dairy products, including the addition of cow’s milk to goat milk, remains a relevant issue affecting product authenticity, safety, and consumer protection. This type of adulteration is of particular concern due to the potential risks for individuals sensitive to cow’s milk proteins. Under these conditions, molecular genetic methods are considered a more promising approach for the detection of species adulteration in milk, as they are based on the analysis of species-specific DNA regions that are less susceptible to the effects of technological processing and biological factors compared with protein-based and physicochemical indicators.</p></sec><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Purpose: To conduct a comprehensive analysis of the current state of application of molecular genetic methods for the detection of species adulteration in dairy products in the context of preventing food fraud and ensuring high-quality products in the food industry.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods: The review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR protocol. Publications were searched in Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect using keywords focused on PCR analysis, DNA, goat and cow milk, and dairy product adulteration. The main inclusion criterion was the availability of data on the species identification of goat and cow milk using molecular genetic methods. During the analysis, information was extracted on the authors, year of publication, country of study, research object, animal species, methodology used, and key findings.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: A total of 7,437 records were identified through the screening process. After duplicate removal, 1,038 sources were retained for further analysis. During title and abstract screening, 937 publications that did not meet the inclusion criteria were excluded. Following full-text assessment of 101 articles, an additional 42 studies were excluded. Ultimately, 59 publications were included in the review. Analysis of the selected studies demonstrated that molecular genetic analytical methods are the most promising tool for species identification of milk and dairy products due to their high sensitivity and specificity. However, the effectiveness of detecting cow’s milk adulteration in goat milk largely depends on the type of sample matrix, the degree of technological processing, the selected genetic target, and the DNA amplification and detection method used. Real-time PCR and digital PCR demonstrated the highest sensitivity and reproducibility, whereas the lack of standardized approaches to target selection and analytical protocols remains a major limitation for the practical implementation of these methods in routine authenticity control of dairy products.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion: The main application of the findings of the present review may be the expansion of the scientific knowledge base on molecular genetic methods for confirming the authenticity of dairy product composition, providing approaches to address species adulteration and to protect consumer interests and health. The obtained data may facilitate the effective implementation of modern analytical methods for detecting cow’s milk adulteration in a wide range of products derived from non-traditional milk species. Practical implementation of the proposed approaches may contribute to improving the reliability of species identification of dairy raw materials, reducing the risk of economically motivated adulteration, and establishing reproducible protocols for testing laboratories, manufacturers, and regulatory authorities.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фальсификация молока</kwd><kwd>козье молоко</kwd><kwd>коровье молоко</kwd><kwd>видовая идентификация</kwd><kwd>ПЦР</kwd><kwd>молекулярно-генетические методы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>milk adulteration</kwd><kwd>goat milk</kwd><kwd>cow milk</kwd><kwd>species identification</kwd><kwd>PCR</kwd><kwd>molecular genetic methods</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках поисковой НИР за счет внебюджетных средств ФГАНУ «ВНИМИ» (тема № ВНИМИ-2026-03)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жижин, Н. 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