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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">foodmeta</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">FOOD METAENGINEERING</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>FOOD METAENGINEERING</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-6497</issn><publisher><publisher-name>All-Russian Dairy Research Institute</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37442/fme.2025.4.94</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">foodmeta-94</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальное эмпирическое исследование</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Empirical Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Динамика микробного сообщества кисломолочного напитка, приготовленного с использованием кефирных грибков</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Dynamics of the Microbial Community of a Fermented Milk Beverage Produced Using Kefir Grains</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1491-7423</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коваль</surname><given-names>Дарья Дмитриевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koval</surname><given-names>Daria Dmitrievna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории прикладной микробиологии и геномики микроорганизмов Федерального государственного автономного научного учреждения «Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт молочной промышленности» (115093, Российская Федерация, г. Москва, ул. Люсиновская, 35, 7),</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher of the Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Microbial Genomics, (115093, Russian Federation, Moscow, Lyusinovskaya Street, 35, 7), ORCID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1491-7423" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1491-7423</ext-link>, SPIN-code: 2698-1652, d_koval@vnimi.org</p><p> </p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">d_koval@vnimi.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0153-8756</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ратайчук</surname><given-names>Виктор Александрович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rataychuk</surname><given-names>Victor Alexandrovich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант лаборатории прикладной микробиологии и геномики микроорганизмов Федерального государственного автономного научного учреждения «Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт молочной промышленности» (115093, Российская Федерация, г. Москва, ул. Люсиновская, 35, 7)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate Student of the Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Microbial Genomics, All-Russian Dairy Research Institute (115093, Russian Federation, Moscow, Lyusinovskaya Street, 35, 7), ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0153-8756, SPIN-code: 4255-6098, vrataychuk@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vrataychuk@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8069-9661</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лазарева</surname><given-names>Екатерина Германовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lazareva</surname><given-names>Ekaterina Germanovna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, научный сотрудник лаборатории прикладной микробиологии и геномики микроорганизмов Федерального государственного автономного научного учреждения «Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт молочной промышленности» (115093, Российская Федерация, г. Москва, ул. Люсиновская, 35, 7)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Researcher of the Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Microbial Genomics, All-Russian Dairy Research Institute (115093, Russian Federation, Moscow, Lyusinovskaya Street, 35, 7), ORCID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8069-9661" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8069-9661</ext-link>, Scopus ID: 57212864480, Researcher ID: AAG-3173-2020, SPIN-code: 4159-8123, e_lazareva@vnimi.org</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e_lazareva@vnimi.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6106-6088</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хан</surname><given-names>Алексей Владимирович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khan</surname><given-names>Алексей Vladimirovich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории прикладной микробиологии и геномики микроорганизмов Федерального государственного автономного научного учреждения «Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт молочной промышленности» (115093, Российская Федерация, г. Москва, ул. Люсиновская, 35, 7)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Junior Researcher of the Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Microbial Genomics, All-Russian Dairy Research Institute (115093, Russian Federation, Moscow, Lyusinovskaya Street, 35, 7), ORCID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6106-6088" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6106-6088</ext-link>, SPIN-code: 1235-9645, a_khan@vnimi.org</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a_khan@vnimi.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7852-3790</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фоменко</surname><given-names>Олег Юрьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fomenko</surname><given-names>Oleg Yuryevich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник, заведующий лаборатории прикладной микробиологии и геномики микроорганизмов Федерального государственного автономного научного учреждения «Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт молочной промышленности» (115093, Российская Федерация, г. Москва, ул. Люсиновская, 35, 7)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Senior Researcher, Head of the Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Microbial Genomics, All-Russian Dairy Research Institute (115093, Russian Federation, Moscow, Lyusinovskaya Street, 35, 7), ORCID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7852-3790" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7852-3790</ext-link>, Scopus ID: 21933831600, Researcher ID: G-4792-2015, SPIN-code: 6833-5707, o_fomenko@vnimi.org</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">o_fomenko@vnimi.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАНУ "ВНИМИ"</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>All-Russian Dairy Research Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>4</issue><elocation-id>94</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Коваль Д.Д., Ратайчук В.А., Лазарева Е.Г., Хан А.В., Фоменко О.Ю., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Коваль Д.Д., Ратайчук В.А., Лазарева Е.Г., Хан А.В., Фоменко О.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Koval D.D., Rataychuk V.A., Lazareva E.G., Khan А.V., Fomenko O.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.fme-journal.org/jour/article/view/94">https://www.fme-journal.org/jour/article/view/94</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Аннотация</title><p>Аннотация </p></sec><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение: Кефир — один из наиболее сложных природных ферментированных продуктов, формирование которого обеспечивается симбиотическим консорциумом микроорганизмов кефирных грибков. Эти уникальные биоплёнки представляют собой самовоспроизводящуюся экосистему, в которой бактерии и дрожжи взаимодействуют в тесной метаболической кооперации. В процессе ферментации микробное сообщество кефирных грибков становится источником динамично развивающейся микробиоты жидкой фазы, определяющей вкус, консистенцию и функциональные свойства напитка. Изучение последовательных стадий этой микробной сукцессии позволяет не только понять принципы устойчивости симбиотических систем, но и раскрыть механизмы, лежащие в основе технологии ферментации кефира. </p><p>Несмотря на значительное число работ, посвящённых микробному составу кефира, представления о его динамике в процессе ферментации остаются фрагментарными: большинство исследований основано на данных 16S-рРНК-секвенирования или классических культуральных методах, ограниченных по разрешающей способности. В настоящем исследовании проведён анализ сукцессии микробного сообщества на последовательных стадиях активации кефирных грибков, формирования закваски и приготовления кефира с использованием полногеномного метагеномного секвенирования, что позволило получить детальное представление о таксономическом составе сообщества. </p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: Оценка динамики состава микробного сообщества кисломолочного напитка, приготовленного с использованием кефирных зёрен, на протяжении всего процесса - от этапа внесения лиофилизированных кефирных грибков до образования продукта с истекшим сроком годности. </p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы: Исследование выполнено в лаборатории прикладной микробиологии и геномики микроорганизмов Всероссийского научно-исследовательского института молочной промышленности (ФГАНУ «ВНИМИ»). Объектами исследования являлись лиофилизированные кефирные грибки и кефир, приготовленный на их основе, отобранный на различных этапах процесса ферментации и последующего хранения. Из каждой пробы выделяли тотальную ДНК, на основе которой готовили библиотеки и проводили полногеномное метагеномное секвенирование нового поколения (NGS) с последующим биоинформатическим анализом таксономической структуры микробного сообщества. </p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: Метагеномный анализ последовательных стадий активации, ферментации и хранения показал, что кефирные зёрна формируют стабильное симбиотическое сообщество с моновидовой доминацией Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, состав которого практически не изменяется. Микроорганизмы из зёрен последовательно заселяют жидкую фазу, где наблюдается упорядоченная сукцессия: от преобладания лактобацилл, главным образом L. helveticus, на ранних стадиях — к доминированию Lactococcus cremoris и L. lactis и участию дрожжей на поздних этапах. Рост Альфа-разнообразия в активной фазе ферментации отражает расширение экологических ниш и метаболическую кооперацию между таксонами, тогда как его снижение при хранении связано с селекцией устойчивых видов, адаптированных к кислой среде и низкотемпературным условиям. Бета-разнообразие подтверждает отчётливое различие между сообществами грибков и жидкой фазы и их последующую стабилизацию к 14–21 суткам. Выявленные закономерности отражают метаболически обусловленную смену ниш, определяющую кислотность, текстуру и стабилизацию конечного продукта. </p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы: Кефирные грибки являются стабильным источником микробиоты, обеспечивающим формирование симбиотического сообщества в процессе ферментации. Установленная сукцессионная динамика отражает внутренние метаболические взаимодействия микроорганизмов и их адаптацию к изменяющимся условиям среды. Полученные данные иллюстрируют принципы пространственной организации, устойчивости и сукцессионной динамики микробных консорциумов, характерные для естественных симбиотических экосистем. Результаты могут быть использованы для оптимизации биотехнологических параметров ферментации, разработки стандартизированных заквасок и прогнозирования стабильности качества ферментированных молочных продуктов. </p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction: Despite a significant amount of research devoted to microbial composition of kefir, our understanding of microbial community dynamics during fermentation remains fragmented. Most studies rely on 16S rRNA sequencing or traditional culture methods, which have limited resolution.</p></sec><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Purpose: To evaluate the dynamics of the microbial community composition of a fermented milk drink prepared using kefir grains throughout the entire technological process — from the activation stage of kefir grains to the formation of a product with an expired shelf life, using whole-genome metagenomic sequencing.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Microbial Genomics, All-Russian Dairy Research Institute (VNIMI). The study objects were lyophilized kefir grains and kefir prepared from them, sampled at different stages of the fermentation process and subsequent storage. The objects of the study were lyophilized kefir grains and kefir prepared from them. Sampling was carried out at the following sequential stages: 0 h — lyophilized grains, 48 ​​h — metabolically active grains, 120 h — kefir starter culture, 122 h — addition of 5% starter culture to milk, 130 h — end of kefir fermentation at +20 °C, 138 h — finished kefir after maturation at +4 °C, and storage at +4 °C for 7, 14, and 21 days (n=10). Total DNA was isolated from each sample, which was used to prepare libraries and perform whole-genome metagenomic sequencing on the GeneMind FASTASeq300 platform in paired-end reading mode (2×150 bp) with a sequencing depth of at least 5 million reads per time point, followed by read filtering and bioinformatics analysis of the taxonomic structure of the microbial community with identification of microorganisms to the species level using Kraken2 and the PlusPF reference database, followed by reclassification and assessment of species representation using Bracken.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: Metagenomic analysis of the sequential stages of kefir grain activation, fermentation, and kefir storage revealed that microorganisms from the fungi sequentially colonize the liquid phase, where an ordered succession was observed: ~80% of the kefir grain microbial community was represented by Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, while the dominant species in the starter culture and kefir were L. cremoris, L. helveticus, and L. lactis. The yeast component was represented by a single species, Kluyveromyces marxianus, whose maximum relative abundance did not exceed ~1.3% at all stages studied.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion: The dynamics of changes in the microbial composition of a fermented milk drink prepared using kefir grains were analyzed at different stages of fermentation and storage. The data obtained emphasizes the need for further research into the dynamics of the microbiome in kefir production to better understand its impact on the quality and stability of the final product. The results of the study may contribute to the development of more effective methods for managing the microbial community composition in fermented milk drinks, creating standardized starter cultures, and predicting the stability of fermented dairy product quality.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кефирные грибки</kwd><kwd>кефирные зёрна</kwd><kwd>кефир</kwd><kwd>ферментация</kwd><kwd>микробный состав кефира и кефирных грибков</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>kefir grains</kwd><kwd>milk kefir</kwd><kwd>lactic fermentation</kwd><kwd>whole-genome sequencing (WGS)</kwd><kwd>metagenomic sequencing</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дин Фань, Стоянова Л. Г., &amp; Нетрусов А. И. (2022). Микробиом и метабиотические свойства кефирных зерен и кефиров на их основе. 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