<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">foodmeta</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">FOOD METAENGINEERING</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>FOOD METAENGINEERING</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-6497</issn><publisher><publisher-name>All-Russian Dairy Research Institute</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37442/fme.2026.1.89</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">foodmeta-89</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальное эмпирическое исследование</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Empirical Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оптимизация обработки спектров комбинационного рассеяния для выявления маркеров термической обработки молока</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Optimization of Raman Spectra Processing to Identify Thermal Treatment Markers in Milk</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0913-5644</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кондратенко</surname><given-names>Владимир Владимирович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kondratenko</surname><given-names>Vladimir V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><email xlink:type="simple">v_kondratenko@vnimi.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4779-1076</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Барковская</surname><given-names>Ирина Александровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Barkovskaya</surname><given-names>Irina Alexsandrovna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">i_barkovskaya@vnimi.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9399-0984</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Илларионова</surname><given-names>Елена Евгеньевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Illarionova</surname><given-names>Elena Evgenevna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">e_illarionova@vnimi.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9300-3267</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Блиадзе</surname><given-names>Владимир Геннадьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bliadze</surname><given-names>Vladimir Gennadevich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">v_bliadze@vnimi.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5875-9875</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Туровская</surname><given-names>Светлана Николаевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Turovskaya</surname><given-names>Svetlana N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">s_turovskaya@vnimi.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7848-4606</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ярышев</surname><given-names>Владислав Юрьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yaryshev</surname><given-names>Vladislav Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">v_yaryshev@vnimi.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт молочной промышленности</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>All-Russian Dairy Research Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>13</fpage><lpage>38</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кондратенко В.В., Барковская И.А., Илларионова Е.Е., Блиадзе В.Г., Туровская С.Н., Ярышев В.Ю., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кондратенко В.В., Барковская И.А., Илларионова Е.Е., Блиадзе В.Г., Туровская С.Н., Ярышев В.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kondratenko V.V., Barkovskaya I.A., Illarionova E.E., Bliadze V.G., Turovskaya S.N., Yaryshev V.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.fme-journal.org/jour/article/view/89">https://www.fme-journal.org/jour/article/view/89</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение: Термическая обработка молока вызывает частичную трансформацию его компонентов, выраженность которой возрастает с увеличением тепловой нагрузки и может ухудшать показатели качества. Использование лабильных компонентов и продуктов их трансформации в качестве маркёров нагрузки затруднено их высокой вариативностью. Среди спектрометрических методов идентификации нагрузки наиболее перспективна спектроскопия комбинационного рассеяния, однако её применение ограничено как зашумлённостью спектров артефактами, для подавления которой отсутствуют формализованные критерии выбора параметров сглаживания, так и отсутствием формализованного подхода к выделению устойчивых спектральных маркёров уровня тепловой нагрузки.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: Разработка формализованного подхода к установлению участков спектров, корреспондирующих тепловой нагрузке при термической обработке молока.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы: Объектами исследования служили образцы свежего обезжиренного молока, подвергнутые четырём вариантам тепловой нагрузки: термизации при 50 ℃ (контроль) и термизации с последующей пастеризацией при 70, 80 и 90 ℃ в течение 30 с. Для каждого образца получали спектры комбинационного рассеяния на рамановском спектрометре EnSpectr R532 в диапазоне 240–4400 см⁻¹ с дискретностью 0,7–1,8 см⁻¹ при длине волны возбуждения 532 нм. Сглаживание выполняли методом простого скользящего среднего.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: Полученные спектры зашумлены артефактами и требуют сглаживания. Разработана формализованная система определения числа этапов сглаживания методом простого скользящего среднего и полуширины окна на каждом этапе, основанная на комплексе ключевых факторов и граничных условий. Достаточным оказалось 4–5 этапов сглаживания; полуширина окна по этапам сначала возрастала с 5 до 13–14 точек, а затем резко сужалась до 2–6 точек. На основе формализованных статистических процедур выявлены два участка диапазона (1289–1452 и 1475–2764 см⁻¹), на которых интенсивность спектров корреспондировала степени тепловой нагрузки.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы: Предложенный формализованный комплекс обработки спектров обеспечивает воспроизводимый выбор параметров сглаживания и на этой основе позволяет очертить вероятное местоположение маркёров тепловой нагрузки молока. Выявленные два участка следует рассматривать как предварительные границы такого местоположения, подлежащие уточнению при расширении набора данных.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction: Heat treatment of milk causes a partial transformation of its components that intensifies with increasing thermal load and may impair quality. Using labile components and their transformation products as markers of thermal load is hindered by their high variability. Among spectrometric methods, Raman scattering spectroscopy is the most promising, yet its application is limited both by spectral noise, for the suppression of which no formalized criteria for selecting smoothing parameters exist, and by the absence of a formalized approach to identifying stable spectral markers of thermal load.</p></sec><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Purpose: To develop a formalized approach to establishing the spectral regions that correspond to thermal load during heat treatment of milk.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods: Samples of fresh skim milk were subjected to four thermal load variants: thermization at 50 ℃ (control) and thermization followed by pasteurization at 70, 80, and 90 ℃ for 30 s. For each sample, Raman spectra were recorded on an EnSpectr R532 spectrometer over the 240–4400 cm⁻¹ range with a step of 0.7–1.8 cm⁻¹ at an excitation wavelength of 532 nm. Smoothing was carried out using the simple moving average method.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: The spectra were noisy and required smoothing. A formalized system was developed for determining the number of moving-average smoothing stages and the window half-width at each stage, based on a set of key factors and boundary conditions. Four to five smoothing stages proved sufficient; across the stages the window half-width first increased from 5 to 13–14 points and then narrowed sharply to 2–6 points. Using formalized statistical procedures, two spectral regions were identified (1289–1452 and 1475–2764 cm⁻¹) in which spectral intensity corresponded to the degree of thermal load.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion: The proposed formalized processing complex provides a reproducible selection of smoothing parameters and, on this basis, delineates the probable location of thermal-load markers in milk. The two identified regions should be treated as provisional boundaries of this location, subject to refinement as the dataset expands.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>оптимизация обработки спектров</kwd><kwd>формализованное сглаживание</kwd><kwd>маркёры тепловой нагрузки</kwd><kwd>термическая обработка молока</kwd><kwd>спектры комбинационного рассеяния</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Raman spectra</kwd><kwd>spectra processing optimization</kwd><kwd>formalized smoothing</kwd><kwd>thermal load markers</kwd><kwd>heat treatment of milk</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was performed on the basis of the All-Russian Dairy Research Institute</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алкадур, М.И., Пряничникова, Н.С., Юрова, Е.А., &amp; Петров, А.Н. (2024). Влияние термизации и пастеризации на качество сухого молока. Техника и технология пищевых производств, 54(2), 275-284. https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2024-2-2506</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alkadour M.I., Pryanichnikova N.S., Yurova E.A. &amp; Petrov A.N. (2024). Effect of Thermal Treatment and Pasteurization on Milk Powder Quality. Food Processing: Techniques and Technology 54 (2), 275-284. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2024-2-2506</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alkadour, M.I., Pryanichnikova, N.S., Yurova, E.A., &amp; Petrov, A.N. (2024). Effect of thermal treatment and pasteurization on milk powder quality. Food Processing: Techniques and Technology, 54(2), 275-284. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2024-2-2506</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belyakov M.V. &amp; Nikitin E.A. (2023). Comparative Evaluation of Spectral Luminescent Characteristics of Milk and Dairy Products, Storage and Processing of Farm Products, 2, 90-102. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.36107/spfp.2023.412</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Беляков, М.В. &amp; Никитин, Е.А. (2023). Сравнительная оценка спектральных люминесцентных характеристик молока и молочных продуктов, Хранение и переработка сельхозсырья, 2, 90-102. https://doi.org/10.36107/spfp.2023.412</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Donskaya G.A. (2021). Инновационные технологии обработки молока. Food Industry, 7, 55-58. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.52653/PPI.2021.7.7.017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Belyakov, M.V., &amp; Nikitin, E.A. (2023). Comparative evaluation of spectral luminescent characteristics of milk and dairy products. Storage and Processing of Farm Products, 2, 90-102. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.36107/spfp.2023.412</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Donskaya G.A., Drozhzhin V.M. &amp; Dobriyan E.I. (2021). Free fatty acids as estimates for drinking milk. Food Industry, 8, 54-57. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.52653/PPI.2021.8.8.014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Донская, Г.А. (2021). Инновационные технологии обработки молока. Пищевая промышленность, 7, 55-58. https://doi.org/10.52653/PPI.2021.7.7.017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Donskaya G.A., Krekker L.G., Drozhzhin V.M. &amp; Kolosova E.V. (2022). Lipid peroxidation and milk heat treatment to prepare fermented milk product of mixed fermentation. Bulletin of KrasSAU, 5 (182), 226-233. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.36718/1819-4036-2022-5-226-233</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Donskaya, G.A. (2021). Innovative milk processing technologies. Food industry, 7, 55-58. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.52653/PPI.2021.7.7.017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhizhin N.A. (2022). HPLC analysis of furosin, β-lactoglobulin and lactulose as a criterion for assessing the heat load on milk. Zootechnia, 3, 32-36. https://doi.org/10.25708/ZT.2022.16.19.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Донская, Г.А., Дрожжин, В.М. &amp; Добриян, Е.И. (2021). Свободные жирные кислоты как оценочные критерии качества питьевого молока. Пищевая промышленность, 8, 54-57. https://doi.org/10.52653/PPI.2021.8.8.014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yurova E.A., Filchakova S.A. &amp; Ananyeva N.V. (2022). Milk as a basis for specialized food products with improved nutritional properties. Bulletin of KrasSAU, 5 (182), 206-215. https://doi.org/10.36718/1819-4036-2022-5-206-215</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Donskaya, G.A., Drozhzhin, V.M., &amp; Dobryan, E.I. (2021). Free fatty acids as evaluation criteria for the quality of drinking milk. Food Industry, 8, 54-57. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.52653/PPI.2021.8.8.014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aalaei K., Rayner M. &amp; Sjoholm I. (2019). Chemical methods and techniques to monitor early Maillard reaction in milk products; A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 59 (12), 1829-1839. https://doi.org/10.1080</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Донская, Г.А., Креккер, Л.Г., Дрожжин, В.М. &amp; Колосова, Е.В. (2022). Перекисное окисление липидов и термообработка молока для приготовления кисломолочного продукта смешанного брожения. Вестник КрасГАУ, 5(182), 226-233. https://doi.org/10.36718/1819-4036-2022-5-226-233</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">/10408398.2018.1431202</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Donskaya, G.A., Krekker, L.G., Drozhzhin, V.M., &amp; Kolosova, E.V. (2022). Lipid peroxidation and heat treatment of milk for the preparation of mixed fermentation fermented milk product. Bulletin of KSAU, 5(182), 226-233. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.36718/1819-4036-2022-5-226-233</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agustika D.K., Nawawi M.R., Prasetyowati R., Hidayat S.H., Iliescu D.D. &amp; Leeson M.S. (2022). Savitzky-Golay Parameter Optimization by using Linear Discriminant Analysis for FTIR Spectra. 2022 IEEE 7th Forum on Research and Technologies for Society and Industry Innovation (RTSI), Paris, France, 123-128. https://doi.org/10.1109/RTSI55261.2022.9905171.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жижин, Н.А. (2022). ВЭЖХ анализ фурозина, β-лактоглобулина и лактулозы как критерий оценки тепловой нагрузки на молоко. Зоотехния, 3, 32-36. https://doi.org/10.25708/ZT.2022.16.19.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feijóo A. &amp; Villanueva D. (2016). Assessing wind speed simulation methods. Statistics for Biomedical Engineers and Scientists, 56, 473-483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.094</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhizhin, N.A. (2022). HPLC analysis of furosine, β-lactoglobulin and lactulose as a criterion for assessing the heat load of milk. Animal Science, 3, 32-36. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.25708/ZT.2022.16.19.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Herrera-Ardila, Y.M., Orrego, D., Bejarano-López, A.F. &amp; Klotz-Ceberio, B. (2022). Effect of heat treatment on vitamin content during the manufacture of food products at industrial scale. DYNA, 89 (223), 127-132, https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v89n223.99775</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Юрова, Е.А., Фильчакова, С.А. &amp; Ананьева, Н.В. (2022). Молоко как основа для производства специализированных продуктов питания с улучшенными нутритивными свойствами. Вестник КрасГАУ, 5 (182), 206-215. https://doi.org/10.36718/1819-4036-2022-5-206-215</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoang V.D. (2014). Wavelet-based spectral analysis. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 62, 144-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2014.07.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yurova, E.A., Filchakova, S.A., &amp; Ananyeva, N.V. (2022). Milk as a basis for the production of specialized food products with improved nutritional properties. Bulletin of KSAU, 5(182), 206-215. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.36718/1819-4036-2022-5-206-215</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hussain Khan H.M., McCarthy U., Esmonde-White K., Casey I. &amp; O'Shea N. (2023). Potential of Raman spectroscopy for in-line measurement of raw milk composition. Food Control, 152, 109862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aalaei, K., Rayner, M. &amp; Sjoholm, I. (2019). Chemical methods and techniques to monitor early Maillard reaction in milk products; A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 59(12), 1829-1839. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1431202</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">109862</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agustika, D.K., Nawawi, M.R., Prasetyowati, R., Hidayat, S.H., Iliescu, D.D. &amp; Leeson, M.S. (2022). Savitzky-Golay Parameter Optimization by using Linear Discriminant Analysis for FTIR Spectra. 2022 IEEE 7th Forum on Research and Technologies for Society and Industry Innovation (RTSI), (pp. 123-128). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1109/RTSI55261.2022.9905171.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huzortey A.A., Anderson B. &amp; Owusu A. (2021). Raman spectra recovery using a second derivative technique and range independent baseline correction algorithm. OSA Continuum, 4 (9), 2468-2480. https://doi.org/10.1364/OSAC.432785</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feijóo, A. &amp; Villanueva, D. (2016). Assessing wind speed simulation methods. Statistics for Biomedical Engineers and Scientists, 56, 473-483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.094</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lalwani Sh., Lewerentz F., Håkansson A., Löfgren R., Eriksson J., Paulsson M. &amp; Glantz M. (2024). Impact of thermal processing on micronutrients and physical stability of milk and cream at dairy production scale. International Dairy Journal, 153, 105901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2024.105901</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Herrera-Ardila, Y.M., Orrego, D., Bejarano-López, A.F. &amp; Klotz-Ceberio, B. (2022). Effect of heat treatment on vitamin content during the manufacture of food products at industrial scale. DYNA, 89 (223), 127-132, https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v89n223.99775</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lewis M.J. (2022). Physical and Physicochemical Properties of Milk and Milk Products. In: P.L.H. McSweeney, J.A. O'Mahony, A.L. Kelly (Eds.), Advanced Dairy Chemistry (pp. 493-551). Springer Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92585-7_12</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoang, V.D. (2014). Wavelet-based spectral analysis. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 62, 144-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2014.07.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin, Z., Liu, J. &amp; Chen, G. (2001). A new method of Fourier-transform smoothing with ratio spectra derivative spectrophotometry. Fresenius J Anal Chem 370, 997–1002 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/s002160100920</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hussain Khan, H.M., McCarthy, U., Esmonde-White, K., Casey, I. &amp; O'Shea, N. (2023). Potential of Raman spectroscopy for in-line measurement of raw milk composition. Food Control, 152, 109862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109862</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lu J., Zhu T., Dai Y., Xing L., Jinqi L., Zhou S. &amp; Kong C. (2023). The effect of heat treatment on the lactosylation of milk proteins. Journal of Dairy Science, 106 (12), 8321-8330. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2023-23526</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huzortey, A.A., Anderson, B. &amp; Owusu, A. (2021). Raman spectra recovery using a second derivative technique and range independent baseline correction algorithm. OSA Continuum, 4(9), 2468-2480. https://doi.org/10.1364/OSAC.432785</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Niedzwiecki M., Ciolek M., Gańcza A. &amp; Kaczmarek P. (2021). Application of regularized Savitzky-Golay filters to identification of time-varying systems. Automatica, 133, 109865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.automatica.2021.109865</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lalwani, Sh., Lewerentz, F., Håkansson, A., Löfgren, R., Eriksson, J., Paulsson, M. &amp; Glantz, M. (2024). Impact of thermal processing on micronutrients and physical stability of milk and cream at dairy production scale. International Dairy Journal, 153, 105901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2024.105901</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sadat, A., &amp; Joye, I.J. (2020). Peak Fitting Applied to Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Proteins. Applied Sciences, 10 (17), 5918. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10175918</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lewis, M.J. (2022). Physical and Physicochemical Properties of Milk and Milk Products. In: P.L.H. McSweeney, J.A. O'Mahony, A.L. Kelly (Eds.), Advanced Dairy Chemistry (pp. 493-551). Springer Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92585-7_12</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schulze H.G., Foist R.B,. Okuda K., Ivanov A. &amp; Turner R.F.B. (2012). A Small-Window Moving Average-Based Fully Automated Baseline Estimation Method for Raman Spectra. Applied Spectroscopy, 66 (7), 757-764. https://doi.org/10.1366/11-06550</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin, Z., Liu, J. &amp; Chen, G. (2001). A new method of Fourier-transform smoothing with ratio spectra derivative spectrophotometry. Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 370, 997–1002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002160100920</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Silva M.G., de Paula I.L., Stephani R., Edwards H.G.M. &amp; de Oliveira L.F.C. (2021). Raman spectroscopy in the quality analysis of dairy products: A literature review. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 52 (12), 2444-2478. https://doi.org/10.1002/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lu J., Zhu T., Dai, Y., Xing, L., Jinqi, L., Zhou, S. &amp; Kong, C. (2023). The effect of heat treatment on the lactosylation of milk proteins. Journal of Dairy Science, 106(12), 8321-8330. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2023-23526</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">jrs.6214</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Niedzwiecki, M., Ciolek, M., Gańcza, A., &amp; Kaczmarek, P. (2021). Application of regularized Savitzky-Golay filters to identification of time-varying systems. Automatica, 133, 109865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.automatica.2021.109865</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh, A.S. &amp; Masuku, M.B. (2014). Sampling Techniques &amp; Determination of Sample Size in Applied Statistics Research: an Overview. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, II (11), 1-22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sadat, A., &amp; Joye, I.J. (2020). Peak Fitting Applied to Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Proteins. Applied Sciences, 10(17), 5918. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10175918</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smirnova A., Konoplev G., Mukhin N., Stepanova O. &amp; Steinmann U. (2020). Milk as a Complex Multiphase Polydisperse System: Approaches for the Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis. Journal of Composites Science, 4 (4), 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4040151</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schulze, H.G., Foist, R.B. Okuda, K., Ivanov, A. &amp; Turner, R.F.B. (2012). A small-window moving average-based fully automated baseline estimation method for raman spectra. Applied Spectroscopy, 66 (7), 757-764. https://doi.org/10.1366/11-06550</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stojanovska S., Gruevska N., Tomovska J., Tasevska J., Krstanovski A. &amp; Menkovska M. (2017). Maillard Reaction and Lactose Structural Changes during Milk Processing. Chemistry Research Journal, 2 (6), 139-145.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Silva, M.G., de Paula, I.L., Stephani, R., Edwards, H.G.M. &amp; de Oliveira, L.F.C. (2021). Raman spectroscopy in the quality analysis of dairy products: A literature review. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 52(12), 2444-2478. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.6214</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van den Oever S.P. &amp; Mayer H.K. (2021). Analytical assessment of the intensity of heat treatment of milk and dairy products. International Dairy Journal, 121, 105097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105097</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh, A.S. &amp; Masuku, M.B. (2014). Sampling Techniques &amp; Determination of Sample Size in Applied Statistics Research: an Overview. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, II (11), 1-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verruck S., Sartor S., Buss Marenda F., da Silva Barros E.L., Camelo-Silva C., Machado Canella M.H. &amp; Prudencio E.Sch. (2019). Influence of Heat Treatment and Microfiltration on the Milk Proteins Properties. Advanced in Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences - Open Journal, 5 (2), 54-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17140/AFTNSOJ-5-157</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smirnova, A., Konoplev, G., Mukhin, N., Stepanova, O. &amp; Steinmann, U. (2020). Milk as a complex multiphase polydisperse system: approaches for the quantitative and qualitative analysis. Journal of Composites Science, 4(4), 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4040151</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wahab M.F., Gritti F. &amp; O'Haver Th.C. (2021). Discrete Fourier transform techniques for noise reduction and digital enhancement of analytical signals. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 143, 116354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stojanovska, S., Gruevska, N., Tomovska, J., Tasevska, J., Krstanovski, A. &amp; Menkovska, M. (2017). Maillard reaction and lactose structural changes during milk processing. Chemistry Research Journal, 2(6), 139-145.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stojanovska, S., Gruevska, N., Tomovska, J., Tasevska, J., Krstanovski, A. &amp; Menkovska, M. (2017). Maillard reaction and lactose structural changes during milk processing. Chemistry Research Journal, 2(6), 139-145.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van den Oever, S.P. &amp; Mayer, H.K. (2021). Analytical assessment of the intensity of heat treatment of milk and dairy products. International Dairy Journal, 121, 105097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105097</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang Y., Xiao R., Wang P., Zhu Y., Niu T. &amp; Chen H. (2024). The Impact of Thermal Treatment Intensity on Proteins, Fatty Acids, Macro/Micro-Nutrients, Flavor, and Heating Markers of Milk – A Comprehensive Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS), 25 (16), 8670, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168670</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verruck S., Sartor, S., Buss Marenda, F., da Silva Barros, E.L., Camelo-Silva, C., Machado Canella, M.H. &amp; Prudencio, E. Sch. (2019). Influence of heat treatment and microfiltration on the milk proteins properties. Advanced in Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences - Open Journal, 5(2), 54-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17140/AFTNSOJ-5-157</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weiss S., Proudler I.K. &amp; Macleod M.D. (2019). Measuring Smoothness of Real-Valued Functions Defined by Sample Points on the Unit Circle. 2019 Sensor Signal Processing for Defence Conference (SSPD), Brighton, UK, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1109/SSPD.2019.8751642.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wahab, M.F., Gritti, F. &amp; O'Haver, Th.C. (2021). Discrete Fourier transform techniques for noise reduction and digital enhancement of analytical signals. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 143, 116354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2021.116354</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wiking L., Gregersen S.B., Hansen S.F. &amp; Hammershøj M. (2022). Heat-induced changes in milk fat and milk fat globules and its derived effects on acid dairy gelation – A review. International Dairy Journal, 127, 105213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105213</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang, Y., Xiao, R., Wang, P., Zhu, Y., Niu, T. &amp; Chen, H. (2024). The impact of thermal treatment intensity on proteins, fatty acids, macro/micro-nutrients, flavor, and heating markers of milk – A comprehensive review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(16), 8670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168670</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang, Y., Yi, S., Lu, J., Pang, X., Xu, X., Lv, J., &amp; Zhang, S. (2021). Effect of different heat treatments on the Maillard reaction products, volatile compounds and glycation level of milk. International Dairy Journal, 123, 105182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105182</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weiss, S., Proudler, I.K. &amp; Macleod, M.D. (2019). Measuring smoothness of real-valued functions defined by sample points on the unit circle. 2019 Sensor Signal Processing for Defence Conference (SSPD) (pp. 1-5). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1109/SSPD.2019.8751642.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weiss, S., Proudler, I.K. &amp; Macleod, M.D. (2019). Measuring smoothness of real-valued functions defined by sample points on the unit circle. 2019 Sensor Signal Processing for Defence Conference (SSPD) (pp. 1-5). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1109/SSPD.2019.8751642.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wiking, L., Gregersen, S.B., Hansen, S.F., &amp; Hammershøj, M. (2022). Heat-induced changes in milk fat and milk fat globules and its derived effects on acid dairy gelation – A review. International Dairy Journal, 127, 105213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105213</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wiking, L., Gregersen, S.B., Hansen, S.F., &amp; Hammershøj, M. (2022). Heat-induced changes in milk fat and milk fat globules and its derived effects on acid dairy gelation – A review. International Dairy Journal, 127, 105213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105213</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang, Y., Yi, S., Lu, J., Pang, X., Xu, X., Lv, J., &amp; Zhang, S. (2021). Effect of different heat treatments on the Maillard reaction products, volatile compounds and glycation level of milk. International Dairy Journal, 123, 105182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105182</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang, Y., Yi, S., Lu, J., Pang, X., Xu, X., Lv, J., &amp; Zhang, S. (2021). Effect of different heat treatments on the Maillard reaction products, volatile compounds and glycation level of milk. International Dairy Journal, 123, 105182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105182</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
