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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">foodmeta</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">FOOD METAENGINEERING</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>FOOD METAENGINEERING</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-6497</issn><publisher><publisher-name>All-Russian Dairy Research Institute</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37442/fme.2024.3.63</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">foodmeta-63</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальное эмпирическое исследование</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Empirical Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сравнительный анализ симплексной и дуплексной ПЦР для выявления фальсификации козьего молока и продуктов его термической обработки</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comparative Analysis of Simplex and Duplex PCR for  Detection of Adulteration of Goat Milk and Its Heat-Treated Products</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6106-6088</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хан</surname><given-names>Алексей Владимирович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khan</surname><given-names>Alexey V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Младший научный сотрудник лаборатории Прикладной микробиологии и геномики микроорганизмов</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a_khan@vnimi.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1491-7423</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коваль</surname><given-names>Дарья Дмитриевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koval</surname><given-names>Daria D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Младший научный сотрудник лаборатории Прикладной микробиологии и геномики микроорганизмов</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>All-Russian Dairy Research Institute</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">d_koval@vnimi.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8069-9661</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лазарева</surname><given-names>Екатерина Германовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lazareva</surname><given-names>Ekaterina G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Младший научный сотрудник лаборатории Прикладной микробиологии и геномики микроорганизмов</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e_lazareva@vnimi.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7852-3790</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фоменко</surname><given-names>Олег Юрьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fomenko</surname><given-names>Oleg Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Заведующий лабораторией Прикладной микробиологии и геномики микроорганизмов</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">o_fomenko@vnimi.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт молочной промышленности</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>All-Russian Dairy Research Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>12</fpage><lpage>24</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хан А.В., Коваль Д.Д., Лазарева Е.Г., Фоменко О.Ю., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хан А.В., Коваль Д.Д., Лазарева Е.Г., Фоменко О.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khan A.V., Koval D.D., Lazareva E.G., Fomenko O.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.fme-journal.org/jour/article/view/63">https://www.fme-journal.org/jour/article/view/63</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение: Обеспечение безопасности и подлинности молока и продуктов его переработки – первостепенная задача молочного сектора промышленности. Современные молекулярно-генетические технологии позволяют обеспечить эффективное выявление фальсифицированной молочной продукции, а именно оценить наличие подмены одного вида молока другим. Однако исследований, посвященных молекулярной идентификации молочных продуктов, прошедших различные температурные режимы термической обработки, крайне мало. В связи с этим, актуальным направлением становится изучение влияния процессов нагревания молока на деградацию нуклеиновых кислот и последующий их анализ с помощью ПЦР-технологий для определения видового состава в пищевой промышленности.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: Провести сравнительный анализ эффективности методов симплексной и дуплексной полимеразной цепной реакции (ПЦР) для определения происхождения молока и продуктов его переработки, подвергнутых различной термической обработке.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы: Исследование выполнено в лаборатории прикладной микробиологии и геномики микроорганизмов Всероссийского научно-исследовательского института молочной промышленности. Объектами исследования выступали молоко сырое, пастеризованное, стерилизованное, кисломолочные продукты на йогуртовой закваске и полученные на их основе бинарные молочные смеси крупного и мелкого рогатого скота. Данное исследование направлено на применение ПЦР-технологий для решения проблемы определения видового состава молока, полученного от коровы (Bos taurus) и козы (Capra hircus) и продуктов на их основе. Из образцов пищевых продуктов выделяли суммарную ДНК для последующего анализа методом симплексной и дуплексной ПЦР с помощью набора видоспецифических олигонуклеотидных праймеров.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: Было проведено сравнение чувствительности симплексного и дуплексного ПЦР-анализа продуктов на основе молока, в ходе которого было установлено, что относительный предел обнаружения коровьей ДНК при использовании дуплексного ПЦР-анализа ниже, чем симплексного, и составил 50 % для сырого молока, 10 % - для пастеризованного молока и кисломолочного продукта на йогуртовой закваске. Чувствительность обнаружения козьей ДНК при дуплексной и симплексной ПЦР оказалась на уровне 1 % за исключением смесей стерилизованного молока: в случае использования дуплексной ПЦР предел обнаружения козьей ДНК был ниже и составил 5 %.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы: Молекулярно-генетические методы с использованием митохондриальных мишеней позволяют определять происхождение молока в молочной продукции. Возможности применения ПЦР при анализе молочных продуктов, прошедших термическую обработку, ограничены размером получаемых ампликонов. Тест-системы на основе ПЦР предоставляют широкие возможности для определения состава и выявления фальсификации продукции в молочной промышленности.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction: Ensuring the safety and authenticity of milk and technological products of its processing is the primary task of the dairy sector of the industry. Modern molecular genetic technologies make it possible to ensure eﬀective detection of adulterated dairy products, namely to assess the presence of substitution of one type of milk for another. However, there is a significant lack of studies focused on the molecular identification of dairy products that have undergone various thermal processing regimes. In this regard, the influence of milk heating processes on the degradation of nucleic acids and their subsequent analysis using PCR technologies to determine the species composition in the food industry is becoming an actual direction.</p></sec><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Purpose: To conduct a comparative analysis of the eﬀectiveness of simplex and duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods for determining the origin of milk and milk products subjected to diﬀerent thermal treatments.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods: The work was carried out in the laboratory of applied microbiology and genomics of microorganisms of the All-Russian Research Institute of Dairy Industry. The objects of the study were raw, pasteurized, sterilized milk, fermented milk products on yogurt starter and binary milk mixtures of cattle and small ruminants obtained on their basis. This study aims to apply PCR technologies to solve the problem of determining the species composition of milk obtained from cow (Bos taurus) and goat (Capra hircus) and products based on them. Total DNA was extracted from food samples for subsequent analysis by simplex and duplex PCR using a set of species-specific oligonucleotide primers.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: The sensitivity of simplex and duplex PCR assays for milk-based products was compared and it was found that the relative detection limit for bovine DNA using duplex PCR was lower than simplex PCR and was 50 % for raw milk, 10 % for pasteurized milk and yoghurt starter sour milk. The sensitivity of detection of goat DNA by duplex and simplex PCR was at the level of 1 % except for sterilized milk mixtures: when duplex PCR was used, the detection limit for goat DNA was lower and amounted to 5 %.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion: Molecular genetic methods using mitochondrial targets make it possible to determine the origin of milk in dairy products. The possibilities of PCR application in the analysis of heat-treated dairy products are limited by the size of the amplicons obtained. PCR-based test systems provide a wide range of opportunities for composition and adulteration detection in the dairy industry.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ПЦР</kwd><kwd>видовая идентификация</kwd><kwd>фальсификация молока</kwd><kwd>тепловая обработка молока</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>PCR</kwd><kwd>species identification</kwd><kwd>milk adulteration</kwd><kwd>heat treatment of milk</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследовательская работа проведена за счёт средств субсидии на выполнение государственного задания в рамках Программы фундаментальных научных исследований Президиума РАН (тема № FNSS-2022-0006).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Агарков, К. В., &amp; Пряничникова, Н. С. (2023). Актуальность разработки новых видов сухих смесей на молочной основе. 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