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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">foodmeta</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">FOOD METAENGINEERING</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>FOOD METAENGINEERING</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-6497</issn><publisher><publisher-name>All-Russian Dairy Research Institute</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37442/fme.2023.4.29</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">foodmeta-29</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальное эмпирическое исследование</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Empirical Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оптимизация молекулярно-генетического метода идентификации молочного сырья</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Optimization of Molecular Genetic Method for Identification of Dairy Raw Materials</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6106-6088</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хан</surname><given-names>Алексей Владимирович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khan</surname><given-names>Alexei Vladimirovich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>инженер Центральной лаборатории микробиологии </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>engineer of the Central Laboratory of Microbiology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a_khan@vnimi.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8069-9661</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лазарева</surname><given-names>Екатерина Германовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lazareva</surname><given-names>Ekaterina Germanovna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, младший научный сотрудник </p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>graduate student, junior researcher</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e_lazareva@vnimi.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7852-3790</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фоменко</surname><given-names>Олег Юрьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fomenko</surname><given-names>Oleg Yurievich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший научный сотрудник Центральной лаборатории микробиологии </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>senior researcher at the Central Laboratory of Microbiology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">o_fomenko@vnimi.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт молочной промышленности (ФГАНУ «ВНИМИ»)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>All-Russian Dairy Research Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>39</fpage><lpage>47</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хан А.В., Лазарева Е.Г., Фоменко О.Ю., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хан А.В., Лазарева Е.Г., Фоменко О.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khan A.V., Lazareva E.G., Fomenko O.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.fme-journal.org/jour/article/view/29">https://www.fme-journal.org/jour/article/view/29</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение: В данной статье рассматривается актуальная проблема обеспечения качества и безопасности молочных продуктов путем борьбы с фальсификацией. В данном исследовании рассматривается проблема видовой фальсификации, в частности замена козьего молока коровьим из-за значительной разницы в стоимости. Разработка и внедрение новых средств обнаружения и идентификации такого рода фальсификации имеет решающее значение, так как применяющиеся традиционные методы, такие как электрофорез и хроматография, зачастую являются дорогостоящими и трудоемкими. В статье рассматривается использование молекулярно-генетических методов, в частности полимеразной цепной реакции (ПЦР), как более эффективного и точного средства выявления видовой фальсификации молока.  Такие методы, как ПЦР, обладают высокой специфичностью, чувствительностью, скоростью и возможностью проведения количественного и мультиплексного анализа.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: Цель данной работы – оптимизация метода идентификации видовой принадлежности сырого молока при помощи ПЦР-скрининга с использованием маркеров ядерной ДНК.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы: Исследование, выполненное в Центральной лаборатории микробиологии Всероссийского научно-исследовательского института молочной промышленности, посвящено видовой идентификации молока крупного и мелкого рогатого скота с использованием специфического набора праймеров, комплиментарных консервативному участку гена амилогенина жвачных. Исследование включает в себя выделение суммарной ДНК из образцов сырого молока сельскохозяйственных животных с последующим ПЦР-скринингом и детекцией результатов по конечной точке.</p><p>ПЦР-анализ проводили в реакционных смесях объемом 25 мкл, включающих такие ключевые компоненты, как смесь 5xScreen Mix, специфические праймеры, образцы ДНК и не содержащую нуклеазы деионизированную воду. Программа амплификации включала этапы денатурации, отжига и элонгации в течение нескольких циклов.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: Эксперимент был направлен на оценку пригодности праймеров SE47 и SE48 для амплификации ядерной ДНК соматических клеток молока крупного рогатого скота (Bos taurus) и коз (Capra hircus). Первоначально при проведении ПЦР-реакции использовалась расчётная температура отжига 56°С, однако использование данного режима приводило к появлению многочисленных неспецифических ПЦР-продуктов, выявляемых на электрофореграмме. Для решения данной проблемы мы поэтапно повышали температуру отжига, что привело к значительному снижению синтеза неспецифических ампликонов и, в конечном итоге, достижению 100% специфичности амплификации при температуре отжига 70°С.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы: Нам удалось оптимизировать систему детекции на основе ПЦР для определения видовой идентификации молока крупного и мелкого рогатого скота. Полученные результаты подтверждают возможность использования геномной ДНК соматических клеток молока для успешной амплификации видоспецифических ядерных маркеров, но сохраняется необходимость проведения дальнейших исследований для определения чувствительности ПЦР-системы и возможности её применения при анализе продуктов переработки молока.</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction: This article addresses the pressing issue of ensuring the quality and safety of dairy products by combating adulteration, a challenge that continues to plague the dairy industry. Adulteration, often driven by cost-cutting motives, involves altering the composition, quality, or origin of dairy products, even in the face of tightened control measures and improved monitoring systems. Specifically, this study hones in on the problem of species-specific adulteration, particularly the substitution of goat milk with cow milk due to the significant cost differential. Detecting and identifying such adulteration is crucial, and while traditional methods like electrophoresis and chromatography have been used, they are often expensive and labor-intensive. The article explores the use of molecular genetic methods, particularly polymerase chain reaction (PCR), as a more efficient and accurate means of identifying species-specific milk adulteration.  Methods like PCR offer high specificity, sensitivity, speed, and the ability to perform quantitative and multiplex analyses.</p></sec><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Purpose: The objective of this study is to optimise a method for species identification of dairy products by PCR-based screening using DNA isolated from cow’s and goat’s milk comatic cells.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods: This research conducted at the Central Laboratory of Microbiology, All-Russian Research Institute of Dairy Industry, focuses on milk species identification of cattle and small ruminants using a specific set of primers targeting the polymorphic amylogenin gene. The study involves PCR screening with DNA extracted from cow’s and goat’s raw milk utilizing a MiniAmp instrument for the analysis. Qualitative and quantitative assessments of DNA preparations were performed, measuring DNA concentration with a Qubit 4 fluorimeter and Qubit dsDNA BR Assay Kit. PCR analysis was carried out in 25 μl reactions, including key components such as 5xScreen Mix, specific primers, DNA samples, and mQ H2O. The amplification program comprised denaturation, annealing, and elongation steps over a series of cycles.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: The experiment was aimed at assessing the suitability of primers SE47 and SE48 for amplification of nuclear DNA of milk somatic cells of cattle (Bos taurus) and goats (Capra hircus). Initially, a calculated annealing temperature of 56 °C was used in the PCR reaction, yielding in numerous nonspecific fragments appeared on the electropherogram. To solve this problem, we gradually increased the annealing temperature, which resulted in a significant decrease in the nonspecific fragments number and their complete absence at annealing temperature of 70°C.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion: We succeeded in optimizing a PCR-based detection system for the milk species identification of cattle and small ruminants. The results obtained confirm the possibility of using genomic DNA of milk somatic cells for the successful amplification of species-specific nuclear markers, but there remains a need for further research to determine the sensitivity of the PCR system and the possibility of its use in the analysis of milk processing products.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>полимеразная цепная реакция</kwd><kwd>видовая идентификация молока</kwd><kwd>фальсификация молока</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>polymerase chain reaction</kwd><kwd>milk species identification</kwd><kwd>milk adulteration</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследовательская работа проведена за счёт средств субсидии на выполнение государственного задания в рамках Программы фундаментальных научных исследований Президиума РАН (тема № FNSS-2022-0006).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каледин, А.С., Слюсаренко, А.Г., Городецкий, С.И. 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