foodmetaFOOD METAENGINEERINGFOOD METAENGINEERING2949-6497All-Russian Dairy Research Institute10.37442/fme.2023.4.13foodmeta-13Research ArticleОбзорная статьяScoping ReviewВлияние компонентов пальмового масла на характер обмена веществ в организме человекаInfluence of Components of Palm Oil on the Character of Metabolism in the Human Bodyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2716-4182ШиловВалерий ВикентьевичShilovValery Vikentievich

кандидат биологических наук, доцент кафедры экологической медицины и радиобиологии

Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Environmental Medicine and Radiobiology

valery.shilov@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1456-9586ЛитвякВладимир ВладимировичLitvyakVladimir Vladimirovich

Ведущий научный сотрудник. Гражданин Республики Беларусь. Работаю в России.

Научные интересы: пищевая технология, биохимия, химия, физика

Leading Researcher.

Scientific interests: food technology, biochemistry, chemistry, physics

besserk1974@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1431-4804РосляковЮрий ФедоровичRoslyakovYuri Fedorovich

доктор технических наук, профессор, профессор кафедры пищевой инженерии

Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of Food Engineering

lizaveta_ros@mail.ru«Международный государственный экологический институт им. А.Д. Сахарова» Белорусского государственного университетаБеларусьInternational Sakharov Environmental Institute of Belarusian State UniversityBelarusВсероссийский научно-исследовательский институт крахмала и переработки крахмалсодержащего сырья – филиал Федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Федеральный исследовательский центр картофеля имени А.Г. Лорха»РоссияRussian Potato Research CentreRussian FederationКубанский государственный технологический университетРоссияKuban State Technological UniversityRussian Federation202327122023145784Copyright © Шилов В.В., Литвяк В.В., Росляков Ю.Ф., 20232023Шилов В.В., Литвяк В.В., Росляков Ю.Ф.Shilov V.V., Litvyak V.V., Roslyakov Y.F.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.fme-journal.org/jour/article/view/13Введение

Введение: В настоящее время спрос на растительные масла растет во всем мире и пальмовое масло вносит значительный вклад в глобальные поставки пищевых масел. Последние несколько десятилетий наблюдается растущее общественное беспокойство по поводу значительного взаимодействия между здоровьем и питанием и в частности пальмовым маслом (ПМ).

Цель

Цель: анализ влияния компонентов ПМ на характер обмена веществ в организме человека и развитие патологических состояний.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы: Поиск литературы по проблеме заосуществляли по базам данных РИНЦ, Google Scholar, Rese PubMed по ключевым словам и словосочетаниям: «пальмовое масло», «здоровье человека», «сахарный диабет», «ожирение», «сердечно-сосудистые заболевания», «онкология», «детское питание»

Результаты

Результаты: Даны общие сведения о ПМ в пищевой промышленности. Несмотря на хорошее качество пальмоядрового масла и его полезные свойства, пищевая промышленность требует другой продукт – ПМ светлого цвета. Это предполагает его обязательную очистку с помощью химической обработки (щелочью или кислотой) или физическими методами. Дезодорированное ПМ с низким содержанием примесей и хорошо отбеленное считается продуктом высокого качества для пищевой промышленности.  Оно содержит 50% насыщенных жирных кислот (пальмитиновая, стеариновая, 40% мононенасыщенных (олеиновая) и 10% полиненасыщенных жирных кислот (линолевая). В 2022 г. ПМ было произведено 76,039 млн. метрических тонн  или 36% от общего количества  всех масел, производимых в мире. Применение рафинированного ПМ в пищевой промышленности растет в геометрической прогрессии ввиду потребительских свойств этого продукта: текстуры, аромата и нейтрального вкуса. Различные фракции ПМ по-разному используются в пищевой промышленности. Пальмовый олеин используется для жарки и при производстве маргаринов, cпредов, майонеза, мороженого растительных сливок. Пальмовый стеарин входит в состав кондитерских жиров и используется для производства хлебобулочных изделий, конфет, тортов, сыра, чипсов, шоколада, печенья, крекеров, пончиков, замороженных блюд, лапши быстрого приготовления, попкорна, заправок для салатов, закусок, супов.

Клинические и экспериментальные исследования последних лет свидетельствуют о том, что ПМ может стать причиной развития инсулинорезистентности (диабет 2-го типа (СД-2)) и метаболических  нарушений, включая ожирение, ишемическую болезнь сердца, инсульт, а также  различных онкозаболеваний. Поэтому, ряд диетических рекомендаций США и ЕС направлены на ограничение  потребления ПМ в пищевых продуктах. Однако, данные  эпидемиологических исследований, проведенных в различных странах мира  достаточно противоречивы.  Это говорит о том, что оценке влияния ПМ на здоровье в первую очередь необходимо учитывать этногенетические  особенности, а также национальные  традиции питания.    Российские ученые   и зарубежные ученые, основываясь на результатах клинических исследований,  делают вывод о том,  что ПМ как жировой компонент детских смесей  негативным образом влияет на обмен Са2+ в  кишечнике грудных детей.  Поэтому, следует ограничить использование ПМ, в качестве  компонента заменителей грудного молока в  детских смесях и использовать другие  компоненты, в частности  смеси с β-пальмитатом или молочный жир.

Выводы

Выводы: Приведены общие сведения о ПМ в пищевой промышленности. Показана роль ПМ и пальмитиновой кислоты в развитии ожирения и  СД-2, в развитии сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, а также в возникновении онкологических заболеваний. Охарактеризованы возможности использования ПМ в детском питанию. Дано мнение белорусских  и российских ученых о влиянии ПМ на здоровье человека.

 

 

 

 

Introduction

Introduction: Demand for vegetable oils is currently growing worldwide and palm oil is a significant contributor to the global supply of edible oils. Over the past few decades, there has been a growing public concern about the significant interaction between health and nutrition and palm oil (PO) in particular.

Purpose

Purpose: The purpose of the research is to analyze the influence of PO components on the nature of metabolism in the human body and the development of pathological conditions.

Materials and Methods

Materials and Methods: The search for literature on the problem over the past 105 years was carried out in the databases of the RSCI, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, PubMed using keywords and phrases: «palm oil», «human health», «diabetes», «obesity», «cardiovascular disease», «oncology», «baby food».

Results

Results: General information about PO in the food industry is given. Despite the good quality of palm kernel oil and its beneficial properties, the food industry requires another product – light-colored PO. This implies its mandatory cleaning by chemical treatment (alkali or acid) or physical methods. Deodorized PO, low in impurities and highly bleached, is considered a high quality product for the food industry. It contains 50% saturated fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, 40% monounsaturated (oleic) and 10% polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic). In 2022, PO produced 76,039 million metric tons or 36% of the total amount of all oils produced in world. The use of refined PO in the food industry is growing exponentially due to its consumer properties of this product: texture, aroma and neutral taste. Different fractions of PO are used in different ways in the food industry.Palm olein is used for frying and in the production of margarines, spreads, mayonnaise, vegetable cream ice cream Palm stearin is a component of confectionery fats and is used for the production of bakery products, sweets, cakes, cheese, chips, chocolate, cookies, crackers, donuts, frozen meals, instant noodles, popcorn, salad dressings, snacks, soups.

Clinical and experimental studies in recent years indicate that PO can cause the development of insulin resistance (type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM-2)) and metabolic disorders, including obesity, coronary heart disease, stroke, and various cancers. Therefore, a number of US and EU dietary guidelines aim to limit the consumption of PO in foods. However, the data of epidemiological studies conducted in various countries of the world are quite contradictory. This suggests that the assessment of the impact of PO on health must first of all take into account ethnogenetic characteristics, as well as national food traditions. Russian scientists and foreign scientists, based on the results of clinical studies, conclude that PO, as a fatty component of infant formulas, negatively affects Са2+ metabolism in the intestines of infants. Therefore, the use of PO as a component of breast milk substitutes in infant formulas should be limited and other components should be used, in particular formulas with β-palmitate or milk fat.

Conclusion

Conclusion: General information about PO in the food industry is given. The role of PO and palmitic acid in the development of obesity and DM-2, in the development of cardiovascular diseases, and also in the occurrence of oncological diseases is shown. The possibilities of using PO in baby food are characterized. The opinion of Belarusian and Russian scientists on the impact of PO on human health is given.

пальмовое маслоздоровье человекасахарный диабетожирениесердечно-сосудистые заболеванияонкологиядетское питаниеpalm oilhuman healthdiabetesobesitycardiovascular diseaseoncologybaby foodВсероссийский научно-исследовательский институт крахмала и переработки крахмалсодержащего сырья – филиал Федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Федеральный исследовательский центр картофеля имени А.Г. Лорха»Russian Potato Research CentreReferencesАмелюшкина, В. А., Рожкова, Т. А., & Титов, В. Н. (2013). Пальмитиновый и олеиновый варианты метаболизма жирных кислот. Экзогенный синдром резистентности к инсулину при нарушении биологической функции питания. Клиническая лабораторная диагностика, 7, 21–28.Aranceta J., Perez-Rodrigo C. Recommended dietary reference intakes, nutritional goals and dietary guidelines for fat and fatty acids: A systematic review// Br. J. Nutr. – 2012. – Vol. 107. – P. 8–22.Assmann G., Buono P., Daniele A. et al. Functional foods and cardiometabolic diseases // International Task Force for Prevention of Cardiometabolic Diseases. Nutr.Metab.Cardiovasc.Dis. – 2014. – Vol. 24. – P. 1272–1300.Assmann G., Buono P., Daniele A. et al. Functional foods and cardiometabolic diseases // International Task Force for Prevention of Cardiometabolic Diseases. Nutr.Metab.Cardiovasc.Dis. – 2014. – Vol. 24. – P. 1272–1300.Бибик, Е. Ю., & Гайворовская, Ю. В. (2015). Влияние избыточного потребления пальмового масла на органометрические показатели тимуса в различные периоды онтогенеза. Educatio, 9(16), 48–52.Berger N.A. Obesity and cancer pathogenesis //Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. –2014. – Vol. 1311. – P.57–76.Mba O.I., Dumont M.J., Ngadi M. Palm Oil: Processing, characterization and utilization in the food industry. A review. // Food Biosci. – 2015. – Vol. 10. – P. 26–41.Mba O.I., Dumont M.J., Ngadi M. Palm Oil: Processing, characterization and utilization in the food industry. A review. // Food Biosci. – 2015. – Vol. 10. – P. 26–41.Верткин, А. Л., & Прохорович, Е. А. (2013). Пальмовое масло в составе заменителей грудного молока. Обзор клинических исследований. Медицинский совет, 8, 111–113. https://doi.org/10.21518/2079–701X-2013–8-110–113Sambanthamurthi R., Sundram K., Tan Y.A. Chemistry and biochemistry of Palm Oil // Prog. Lip Res. – 2000. – Vol. 39. – P. 507–558.Obibuzor J.U., Okogbenin E.A., Abigor R.D. Oil recovery from palm fruits and palm kernl. In Palm Oil: Production, Processing, Characterization and Uses // AOCS Press: Urbana IL USA. – 2012. – P. 299–328.Obibuzor J.U., Okogbenin E.A., Abigor R.D. Oil recovery from palm fruits and palm kernl. In Palm Oil: Production, Processing, Characterization and Uses // AOCS Press: Urbana IL USA. – 2012. – P. 299–328.Кирко, С. Р., Гуринович, В. А., Лукиенко, Е. П., Мойсеенок, А. Г., & Буко, В. У. (2017). Сравнительная характеристика жирнокислотного состава печени крыс при включении в рацион рапсового и пальмового масел. Известия НАН Беларуси. Серия медицинских наук, 1, 29–37.Edem D.O. Palm Oil: Biochemical, physiological, nutritional, hematological, and toxicological aspects: A review. // Plant. Foods Hum. Nutr. – 2002. – Vol. 57. – P. 319–341.Sundram K., Sambanthamurthi R., Tan Y.A. Palm fruit chemistry and nutrition // Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. – 2003. – Vol. 12. – P. 355–362.Sundram K., Sambanthamurthi R., Tan Y.A. Palm fruit chemistry and nutrition // Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. – 2003. – Vol. 12. – P. 355–362.Литвяк, В. С., & Литвяк, В. В. (2015). Строение материи: волновая и корпускулярная теории. Минск: ИВЦ Минфина.Souganidis E., Laillou A., Leyvraz M., Moench-Pfanner R. A comparison of retinyl palmitate and red Palm Oil β-carotene as strategies to address Vitamin A deficiency // Nutrients. – 2013. – Vol. 15. – P. 3257–3271.Ong A.S., Goh S.H. Palm Oil: A healthful and cost-effective dietary component // Food Nutr. Bull. – 2002. – Vol. 23. – P. 11–22.Ong A.S., Goh S.H. Palm Oil: A healthful and cost-effective dietary component // Food Nutr. Bull. – 2002. – Vol. 23. – P. 11–22.Литвяк, В. С., & Литвяк, В. В. (2018). Волновое и корпускулярное строение материи-антиматерии: роль и значение пустоты в структуре (в 2-х ч.). Минск: ИВЦ Минфина.Sen C.K., Khanna S., Roy S. Tocotrienols in health and disease: The other half of the natural vitamin E family // Mol. Asp. Med. – 2007. – Vol. 28. – P. 692–728.Čmolík J., Pokorný J. Physical refining of edible oils // Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. – 2000. – Vol. 102. – P. 472–486.Čmolík J., Pokorný J. Physical refining of edible oils // Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. – 2000. – Vol. 102. – P. 472–486.Медведев, О. С., & Медведева, Н. А. (2016). Современные представления о возможном влиянии пальмового масла на здоровье человека. Вопросы питания, 85(1), 5–18.Dunford N.T. / Advancements in oil and oilseed processing. In Food and Industrial Bioproducts and Bioprocessing; John Wiley and Sons Inc.: Ames, IA, USA. – 2012. – P. 115–143.Gunstone F.D. / Vegetable Oils in Food Technology: Composition, Properties and Uses, 2nd ed.; Blackwell Publishing Ltd.: West Essex, UK. – 2011. – P. 25–133.Gunstone F.D. / Vegetable Oils in Food Technology: Composition, Properties and Uses, 2nd ed.; Blackwell Publishing Ltd.: West Essex, UK. – 2011. – P. 25–133.Санникова, Н. Е., Стенникова, О. В., Бородулина, Т. В., & Левчук, Л. В. (2013). Жировой компонент адаптированных детских молочных смесей: Cовременное состояние и история вопроса. Русский медицинский журнал, 2, 115.Henson I.E. A brief history of the palm oil. In Palm Oil: Production, Processing, Characterization and Uses // AOCS Press: Urbana, IL, USA. – 2012.Gee P.T. Analytical characteristics of crude and refined Palm Oil and fractions // Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. – 2007. – Vol. 109. – P. 373–379.Gee P.T. Analytical characteristics of crude and refined Palm Oil and fractions // Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. – 2007. – Vol. 109. – P. 373–379.Сокольский, И. (2015). Правда о пальмовом масле. Наука и жизнь, 4, 102–105.Jensen R.G. The lipids in human milk // Prog. Lipid Res. – 1996. – Vol. 35. – P. 53–92.Odia O.J., Ofori S., Maduka O. Palm Oil and the heart: A review // World J. Cardiol. – 2015. – Vol. 26. – P. 144–149.Odia O.J., Ofori S., Maduka O. Palm Oil and the heart: A review // World J. Cardiol. – 2015. – Vol. 26. – P. 144–149.Степычева, Н. В., Васина, Н. А., & Куликова, А. А. (2018). Оценка влияния пальмового масла на развитие атеросклероза и атероматоза. Современные научные исследования и инновации, (1).Fattore E., Fanelli R. Palm oil and palmitic acid: A review on cardiovascular effects and carcinogenicity // Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. – 2013. – Vol. 64. – P. 648–659.Fattore E., Bosetti C., Brighenti F. et al. Palm oil and blood lipid-related markers of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary intervention trials // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. – 2014. – Vol. 99. – P. 1331–1350.Fattore E., Bosetti C., Brighenti F. et al. Palm oil and blood lipid-related markers of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary intervention trials // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. – 2014. – Vol. 99. – P. 1331–1350.Янковская, Л. В., Кежун, Л. П., Слободская, Н. С., Белоус, Ю.И., Моргунова, Е.М. (2016). Влияние пальмового масла на риск развития сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Журнал Гродненского государственного медицинского университета, 4, 6–11.Bester D., Esterhuyse A., Truter E.J., van Rooyen J. Cardiovascular effects of edible oils: A comparison between four popular edible oils // Nutr. Res. Rev. – 2010. – Vol. 23. – P. 334–348.May C.Y., Nesaretnam K. Research advancements in palm oil nutrition // Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. – 2014. – Vol. 116. – P. 1301–1315.May C.Y., Nesaretnam K. Research advancements in palm oil nutrition // Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. – 2014. – Vol. 116. – P. 1301–1315.Ajuwon, K. M., & Spurlock, M. E. (2005).β activates the NF-κB transcription factor and induces IL-6 and TNF-α expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Journal of Nutrition, 135, 1841–1846. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/135.8.1841Dixon J.B. / The effect of obesity on health outcomes. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol.– 2010. – Vol. 316. – P. 104–108.Alarcon, P. A., Tressler, R. L., Mulvaney, A., Lam, W., & Comer, G. M. (2002). Gastrointestinal tolerance of a new infant milk formula in healthy babies: an international study conducted in 17 countries. Nutrition, 18(6), 484–489.World Health Organization. Obesity and Overweight. Available online: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ публикация 19.01.2015.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899–9007(02)00752–9Kopelman P.G. Obesity as a medical problem // Nature. – 2000. – Vol. – 404. – P. 635–643.Alexander J., Barregard L., Bignami M., Ceccatelli S., Cottrill B., Dinovi M., Edler L., Grasl-Kraupp B., Hogstrand C., Hoogenboom L., Knutsen H. K., Nebbia C. S., Oswald I., Petersen A., Rogiers V. M., Rose M., Roudot A.-C., Schwerdtle T., Vleminckx C., Vollmer G., Wallace Н. (2016). Risks for human health related to the presence of 3- and 2-monochloropropanediol (MCPD), and their fatty acid esters, and glycidyl fatty acid esters in food. European Food Safety Authority, 14(5), 4426. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4426Exley M.A., Hand L., O’Shea D., Lynch L. Interplay between the immune system and adipose tissue in obesity // J. Endocrinol. – 2014. – Vol. 223. – P. 41–48.Aranceta, J., & Perez-Rodrigo, C. (2012). Recommended dietary reference intakes, nutritional goals and dietary guidelines for fat and fatty acids: A systematic review. British Journal of Nutrition, 107, 8–22.Ajuwon K.M., Spurlock M.E. Palmitate activates the NF-κB transcription factor and induces IL-6 and TNF-α expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes // J. Nutr. – 2005. – Vol. 135. – P. 1841–1846.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512001444Bradley R.L., Fisher F.F., Maratos-Flier E. Dietary fatty acids differentially regulate production of TNF-α and IL-10 by murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes // Obesity. – 2008. – Vol. 16. – P. 938–944.Ariyama, H., Kono, N., Matsuda, S.T., & Inoue, H. (2010). Decrease in membrane phospholipid unsaturation induces unfolded protein response. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 285, 22027–22035. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.126870Wang X., Cheng M., Zhao M. et al. Differential effects of high-fat-diet rich in lard oil or soybean oil on osteopontin expression and inflammation of adipose tissue in diet-induced obese rats // Eur. J. Nutr. – 2013. – Vol. 52. – P. 1181–1189.Assmann, G., Buono, P., Daniele, A., Valle, E. D., Farinaro, E., Ferns, G., Krogh, V., Kromhout, D., Masana, L., Merino, J., Misciagna, G., Panico, S., Riccardi, G., Rivellese, A. A., Rozza, F., Salvatore, F., Salvatore, V., Stranges, S., Trevisan, M., Trimarco, B., & Vetrani, C. (2014). Functional foods and cardiometabolic diseases / International Task Force for Prevention of Cardiometabolic Diseases. Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases, 24, 1272–1300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2014.10.010Ting J.P., Willingham S.B., Bergstralh D.T. NLRs at the intersection of cell death and immunity // Nat. Rev. Immunol. – 2008. – Vol. 8. – P. 372–379.Barker, D. J. (2004). The developmental origins of adult disease. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 23, 588–595. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2004.10719428Franchi L., Eigenbrod T., Munoz-Planillo R., Nunez G. The inflammasome: A caspase-1-activation platform that regulates immune responses and disease pathogenesis // Nat. Immunol. – 2009. – Vol. 10. – P. 241–247.Berger, N. A. (2014) Obesity and cancer pathogenesis. Annals New York Academy of Sciences, 1311, 57–76.Jager J., Gremeaux T., Cormont M. et al. Interleukin-1β-induced insulin resistance in adipocytes through down-regulation of insulin receptor substrate-1 expression // Endocrinology. – 2007. – Vol. 148. – P. 241–251.https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12416Wen H., Gris D., Lei Y. et al. Fatty acid-induced NLRP3-ASC inflammasome activation interferes with insulin signaling // Nat. Immunol. – 2011. – Vol. 12. – P. 408–415.Bartsch, H., Nair, J., & Owen, R. W. (1999). Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and cancers of the breast and colorectum: Emerging evidence for their role as risk modifiers. Carcinogenesis, 20, 2209–2218. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/20.12.2209Cani P.D., Amar J., Iglesias M.A. et al. Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance // Diabetes. – 2007. – Vol. 56. – P. 1761–1772.Bester, D., Esterhuyse, A., Truter, E. J., & van Rooyen, J. (2010). Cardiovascular effects of edible oils: A comparison between four popular edible oils. Nutrition Research Reviews, 23, 334–348. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422410000223Cani P.D., Bibiloni R., Knauf C. et al. Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemiainduced inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice // Diabetes. – 2008. – Vol. 57. – P. 1470–1481.Bongers, M. E., de Lorijn, F., Reitsma, J. B., Groeneweg, M., Taminiau, J. A. J. M., & Benninga, M. A. (2007). The clinical effect of a new infant formula in term infants with constipation: A double–blind, randomized cross–over trial. Nutrition Journal, 11, 6–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475–2891-6–8Stoll L.L., Denning G.M., Li W.G. et al. Regulation of endotoxin-induced proinflammatory activation in human coronary artery cells: Expression of functional membrane-bound CD14 by human coronary artery smooth muscle cells // J. Immunol. – 2004. – Vol. 173. – P. 1336–1343.Bradley, R. L., Fisher, F. F., & Maratos-Flier, E. (2008). Dietary fatty acids differentially regulate production of TNF-α and IL-10 by murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Obesity, 16, 938–944. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.39Ghoshal S., Witta J., Zhong J. et al. Chylomicrons promote intestinal absorption of lipopolysaccharides // J. Lipid Res. – 2009. – Vol. 50. – P. 90–97.Bosworth, A. W., Bowditch, H. I., & Giblin, L. A. (1918). Studies of infant feeding. X: The digestion and absorption of fats. I. Calcium in its relation to the absorption of fatty acids. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 15(6), 397–407. https://doi.org/10.1001/ARCHPEDI.1918.04110240026002Laugerette F., Vors C., Geloen A. et al. Emulsified lipids increase endotoxemia: Possible role in early postprandial low-grade inflammation // J. Nutr. Biochem. – 2011. – Vol. 22. – P. 53–59.Brouwer, I. A., Katan, M. B., & Zock, P. L. (2004). Dietary α-linolenic acidis associated with reduced risk of fatal coronary heart disease, but increased prostate cancer risk: A meta-analysis. Nutrition Journal, 134, 919–922.Laugerette F., Furet J.P., Debard C. et al. Oil composition of high-fat diet affects metabolic inflammation differently in connection with endotoxin receptors in mice // Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. – 2012. – Vol. 302. – P. 374 – 386.https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.4.919Ley R.E., Bäckhed F., Turnbaugh P. et al. Obesity alters gut microbial ecology // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. – 2005. – Vol. 102. – P. 11070–11075.Byrne, M. E. O’Mahony, J. A, &. O’Callaghan, T. F. (2021). Compositional and functional considerations. for bovine-, caprine- and plant-based infant formulas. Dairy, 2(4), 695–715. https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy2040054Musso G., Gambino R., Cassader M. Interactions between gut microbiota and host metabolism predisposing to obesity and diabetes // Annu. Rev. Med. – 2011. – Vol. 62. – P. 361–380.Calder, P. C. (1999). Dietary fatty acids and the immune system. Lipids, 34, 137–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02562264De Wit N., Derrien M., Bosch-Vermeulen H. et al. Saturated fat stimulates obesity and hepatic steatosis and affects gut microbiota composition by an enhanced overflow of dietary fat to the distal intestine // Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. – 2012. – Vol. 303. – P. 589 – 599.Cani, P. D., Amar, J., Iglesias, M. A., Poggi, M., Knauf, C., Bastelica, D., Neyrinck, A. M., Fava, F., Tuohy, K. M., Chabo, C., Waget ,A., Delmée, E., Cousin, B., Sulpice, T., Chamontin, B., Ferrières, J., Tanti, J.-F., Gibson, G. R., Casteilla, L., Delzenne, N. M., Alessi, M. C., & Burcelin, R. (2007). Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes, 56, 1761–1772. https://doi.org/10.2337/db06–1491Musa C.V., Mancini A., Alfieri A. et al. Four novel UCP3 gene variants associated with childhood obesity: Effect on fatty acid oxidation and on prevention of triglyceride storage // Int. J. Obes. – 2012. – Vol. 36. – P. 207–217.Cani, P. D., Bibiloni, R., Knauf, C., Waget, A., Neyrinck, A. M., Delzenne, N. M., & Burcelin, R. (2008). Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice. Diabetes, 57, 1470–1481. https://doi.org/10.2337/db07–1403Cheng L., Yu Y., Szabo A. et al. Palmitic acid induces central leptin resistance and impairs hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism in male mice // J. Nutr. Biochem. – 2015. – Vol. 26. – P. 541–548.Carnielli, V. P., Luijendijk, I. H., Van Goudoever, J. B., Sulkers, E. J., Boerlage, A. A., Degenhart, H. J., & Sauer, P. J. (1995). Feeding premature newborn infants palmitic acid in amounts and stereoisomeric position similar to that of human milk: Effects on fat and mineral balance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 61(5), 1037–1042. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/61.4.1037Thompson N.M., Norman A.M., Donkin S.S. et al. Prenatal and postnatal pathways to obesity: Different underlying mechanisms, different metabolic outcomes // Endocrinology. – 2007. – Vol. 148. – P. 2345–2354.Carnielli, V. P., Luijendijk, I. H., Van Goudoever, J. B., Sulkers, E. J., Boerlage, A. A., Degenhart, H. J., & Sauer, P. J. (1996). Structural position and amount of palmitic acid in infant formulas: Effects on fat, fatty acid, and mineral balance. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition, 23(5), 553–560.Barker D.J. The developmental origins of adult disease // J. Am. Coll. Nutr. – 2004. – Vol. 23. – P. 588 – 595.https://doi.org/10.1097/00005176–199612000-00007Silva A.P., Guimaraes D.E., Mizurini D.M. et al. Dietary fatty acids early in life affect lipid metabolism and adiposity in young rats // Lipids. – 2006. – Vol. 41. – P. 535–541.Chen, B. K., Seligman, B., Farquhar, J. W., &Goldhaber-Fiebert, J. D. (2011). Multi-Country analysis of palm oil consumption and cardiovascular disease mortality for countries at different stages of economic development: 1980–1997. Globalization and Health, 7, 45–54.Magri T.P., Fernandes F.S., Souza A.S. et al. Interesterified fat or palmoil as substitutes for partially hydrogenated fat in maternal diet can predispose obesity in adult male offspring // Clin. Nutr. – 2015. – Vol. 24. – P. 904–910.https://doi.org/10.1186/1744–8603-7–45De Rosa A., Monaco M.L., Capasso M.et al. Adiponectin oligomers as potential indicators of adipose tissue improvement in obese subjects // Eur. J. Endocrinol. – 2013. – Vol. 169. – P. 37–43.Cheng, L., Yu Y., Szabo, A., Wu, Y., Wang, H., Camer, D., & Huang, X.-F. (2015). Palmitic acid induces central leptin resistance and impairs hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism in male mice. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 26, 541–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.12.011Jiao P., Ma J., Feng B. et al. FFA-induced adipocyte inflammation and insulin resistance: Involvement of ER stress and IKKβ pathways // Obesity. – 2011. – Vol. 19. – P. 483–491.Clandinin, M. T., Cook, S. L., Konrad, S. D., & French, M. A. (2000). The effect of palmitic acid on lipoprotein cholesterol levels. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 51, 61–S71.Kharroubi A.T., Darwish H.M. Diabetes mellitus: The epidemic of the century // World J. Diabetes. – 2015. – Vol. 6. – P. 850–867.Clandinin, M. T., Cook, S. L., Konrad, S. D., Goh, Y. K., & French, M. A. (1999). The effect of palmitic acid on lipoprotein cholesterol levels and endogenous cholesterol synthesis in hyperlipidemic subjects. Lipids, 34, 121–124.Daniele A., Cammarata R., Pasanisi F. et al. Molecular analysis of the adiponectin gene in severely obese patients from southern Italy // Ann. Nutr. Metab. – 2008. – Vol. 53. – P. 155–161.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02562257Gallagher E.J., LeRoith D. Obesity and Diabetes: The Increased Risk of Cancer and Cancer-Related Mortality // Physiol. Rev. – 2015. – Vol. 95. – P. 727–748.Clarke, R., Frost, C., Collins, R., Appleby, P., Peto, R. (1997). Dietary lipids and blood cholesterol: Quantitative meta-analysis of metabolic ward studies. BMJ, 314, 112–117. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7074.112Zhang K. Integration of ER stress, oxidative stress and the inflammatory response in health and disease // Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. – 2010. – Vol. 3. – P. 33–40.Crowe, F. L., Allen, N. E., Appleby, P. N., Overvad, K., Aardestrup, I. V., Johnsen, N. F., Tjønneland, A., Linseisen, J., Kaaks, R., Boeing, H., Kröger, J., Trichopoulou, A., Zavitsanou, A., Trichopoulos, D., Sacerdote, C., Palli, D., Tumino, R., Agnoli, C., Kiemeney, L. A., Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. B., Chirlaque, María-Dolores, Ardanaz, E., Larrañaga, N., Quirós, J. R., Sánchez, Maria-José, González, C. A., Stattin, P., Hallmans, G., Bingham, S., Khaw, Kay-Tee, Rinaldi, S., Slimani, N., Jenab, M., Riboli, E., & Key, T. J. (2008). Fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids and risk of prostate cancer in a case-control analysis nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 88, 1353–1363. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26369Kochikuzhyil B.M., Devi K., Fattepur S.R. Effect of saturated fatty acid-rich dietary vegetable oils on lipid profile, antioxidant enzymes and glucose tolerance in diabetic rats // Indian J. Pharmacol. – 2010. – Vol. 42. – P. 142–145.Čmolík, J., Pokorný, J. (2000). Physical refining of edible oils. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 102, 472–486. https://doi.org/10.1002/1438–9312(200008)102:7<472::AID-EJLT472>3.0.CO;2-ZStorlien L.H., Higgins J.A., Thomas T.C. et al. Diet composition and insulin action in animal models // Br. J. Nutr. – 2000. – Vol. 83. – P. 85–90.Daniele, A., Cammarata, R., Pasanisi, F., Finelli, C., Salvatori, G., Calcagno, G., Bracale, R., Labruna, G., Nardelli, C., Buono, P., Sacchetti, L., Contaldo, F., & Oriani, G. (2008). Molecular analysis of the adiponectin gene in severely obese patients from southern Italy. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 53, 155–161. https://doi.org/10.1159/000172976Ariyama H., Kono N., Matsuda S.T., Inoue H. Decrease in membrane phospholipid unsaturation induces unfolded protein response // J. Biol. Chem. – 2010. – Vol. 285. – P. 22027–22035.De Rosa, A., Monaco, M. L., Capasso, M., Forestieri, P., Pilone, V., Nardelli, C., Buono, P., & Daniele, A. (2013). Adiponectin oligomers as potential indicators of adipose tissue improvement in obese subjects. European Journal of Endocrinology, 169, 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-12–1039Van Amelsvoort J.M., van der Beek A., Stam J.J. Effects of the type of dietary fatty acid on the insulin receptor function in rat epididymal fat cells // Ann. Nutr. Metab. – 1986. – Vol. 30. – P. 273–280.De Wit, N., Derrien, M., Bosch-Vermeulen, H., Oosterink, E., Keshtkar, S., Duval, C., Van den Bosch, J. V., Kleerebezem, M., Müller, M., & Van der Meer, R. (2012). Saturated fat stimulates obesity and hepatic steatosis and affects gut microbiota composition by an enhanced overflow of dietary fat to the distal intestine. American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 303, 589–599. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00488.2011Kritchevsky D., Sundram K. Palm oil in human nutrition: Recent advances // Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr.– 2002. – Vol. 11, N7. – P. 393.Diakogiannaki, E., Welters, H. J., & Morgan, N. G. (2008). Differential regulation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in pancreatic beta-cells exposed to long-chain saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Journal of Endocrinology, 197, 553–563. https://doi.org/10.1677/JOE-08–0041Rosqvist F., Iggman D., Kullberg J. et al. Overfeeding polyunsaturated and saturated fat causes distinct effects on liver and visceral fat accumulation in humans // Diabetes. – 2014. – Vol. 63. – P. 2356–2368.Dixon, J. B. (2010). The effect of obesity on health outcomes. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 316, 104–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2009.07.008Forouhi N.G., Koulman A., Sharp S.J. et al. Differences in the prospective association between individual plasma phospholipid saturated fatty acids and incident type 2 diabetes: The EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study // Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. – 2014. – Vol. 2. – P. 810–818.Dunford, N. T. (2012). Advancements in oil and oilseed processing. In Food and Industrial Bioproducts and Bioprocessing (pp. 115–143). John Wiley and Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119946083.ch4Yang M., Wei D., Mo C. et al. Saturated fatty acid palmitate-induced insulin resistance is accompanied with myotube loss and the impaired expression of health benefit myokine genes in C2C12 myotubes // Lipids Health Dis. – 2013. – Vol. 12. – P. 104–113.Edem, D. O. (2002). Palm Oil: Biochemical, physiological, nutritional, hematological, and toxicological aspects: A review. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 57, 319–341. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1021828132707Simon-Szabó L., Kokas M., Mandl J. et al. Metformin Attenuates Palmitate-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Serine Phosphorylation of IRS-1 and Apoptosis in Rat Insulinoma Cells // PLoS ONE. – 2014. – Vol. 9. – P. 97868–97875.Escrich, E., Solanas, M., Moral, R., Costa, I., & Grau, L. (2006). Are the olive oil and other dietary lipids related to cancer? Experimental evidence. Clinical and Translational Oncology, 8, 868–883.Wei Y., Wang D., Topczewski F., Passagliotti M.J. Saturated fatty acids induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis indepently of ceramide in liver cells // Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metabol. – 2006. – Vol. 291. – P. 275–281.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094–006-0150–5Diakogiannaki E., Welters H.J., Morgan N.G. Differential regulation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in pancreatic beta-cells exposed to long-chain saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids // J. Endocrinol. – 2008. – Vol. 197. – P. 553–563.Escrich, E., Solanas, M., Moral, R., &bEscrich, R. (2011). Modulatory effects and molecular mechanisms of olive oil and other dietary lipids in breast cancer. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 17, 813–830. https://doi.org/10.2174/138161211795428902Mordier S., Iynedjian P.B. Activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 and insulin resistance induced by palmitate in hepatocytes // Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. – 2007. – Vol. 362. – P. 206–211.Exley, M.A., Hand, L., O’Shea, D., & Lynch, L. (2014). Interplay between the immune system and adipose tissue in obesity. Journal of Endocrinology, 223, 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-13–0516Ishii M., Maeda A., Tani S., Akagawa M. Palmitate induces insulin resistance in human HepG2 hepatocytes by enhancing ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of key insulin signaling molecules // Arch. Biochem. Biophys.– 2015. – Vol. 566. – P. 26–35.Fattore, E., Bosetti, C., Brighenti, F., Agostoni, C., & Fattore, G. (2014). Palm oil and blood lipid-related markers of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary intervention trials. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 99, 1331–1350. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.081190Kronenberg F., Kronenberg M.F., Kiechl S. et al. Role of lipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein(a) phenotype in atherogenesis: Prospective results from the Bruneck study // Circulation. – 1999. – Vol. 100. – P. 1154–1160.Fattore, E., & Fanelli, R. (2013). Palm oil and palmitic acid: A review on cardiovascular effects and carcinogenicity. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 64, 648–659. https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2013.768213Walldius G., Jungner I., Holme I. et al. High apolipoprotein B, low apolipoprotein A-I, and improvement in the prediction of fatal myocardial infarction (AMORIS study): A prospective study // Lancet. – 2001. – Vol. 358. – P. 2026–2033Favé, G., Coste, T. C., & Armand, M. (2004). Physicochemical properties of lipids: New strategies to manage fatty acid bioavailability. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 50, 815–831.Walldius G., Jungner I. Apolipoprotein B and apolipoprotein A-I: Risk indicators of coronary heart disease and targets for lipid-modifying therapy // J. Intern. Med. – 2004. – Vol. 255. – P. 188–205.Fomon, S. J. (1975). What are infants fed in the United States? Pediatrics, 56, 3, 350–354.Keys A., Menotti A., Aravanis C. et al. The seven countries study: 2289 deaths in 15 years // Prev. Med. – 1984. – Vol. 13. – P. 141–154.Forouhi, N. G., Koulman, A., Sharp, S. J., Imamura, F., Kröger, J., Schulze, M. B., Crowe, F. L., Huerta, J. M., Guevara, M., Beulens, J. W. J., Van Woudenbergh, G. J., Wang, L., Summerhill, K., Griffin, J. L., Feskens, E. J. M., Amiano, P., Boeing, H., Clavel-Chapelon, F., Dartois, L., Fagherazzi, G., Franks, P. W., Gonzalez, C., Jakobsen, M. U., Kaaks, R., Key, T. J., Khaw, K. T., Kühn, T., Mattiello, A., Nilsson, P. M., Overvad, K., Pala, V., Palli, D., Quirós, J. R., Rolandsson, O., Roswall, N., Sacerdote, C., Sánchez, M. J., Slimani, N., Spijkerman, A. M. W., Tjonneland, A., Tormo, M. J., Tumino, R., Van der, A D. L., Van der Schouw, Y. T., Langenberg, C., Riboli, E., & Wareham, N. J. (2014). Differences in the prospective association between individual plasma phospholipid saturated fatty acids and incident type 2 diabetes: The EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study. Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2, 810–818.Keys A., Menotti A., Karvonen M.J. et al. The diet and 15-year death rate in the seven countries study // Am. J. Epidemiol. – 1986. – Vol. 124. – P. 903–915.https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213–8587(14)70146–9Kromhout D., Keys A., Aravanis C. et al. Food consumption patterns in the 1960s in seven countries // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. – 1989. – Vol. 49. – P. 889–894.Franchi, L., Eigenbrod, T., Munoz-Planillo, R., & Nunez, G. (2009). The inflammasome: A caspase-1-activation platform that regulates immune responses and disease pathogenesis. Nature Immunology, 10, 241–247.Menotti A., Keys A., Aravanis C. et al. Seven countries study. First 20-year mortality data in 12 cohorts of six countries // Ann. Med. – 1989. – Vol. 21. – P. 175–179.https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.1703Verschuren W.M., Jacobs D.R., Bloemberg B.P. et al. Serum total cholesterol and long-term coronary heart disease mortality in different cultures. Twenty-five-year follow-up of the seven countries study // J. Am. Med. Assoc. – 1995. – Vol. 274. – P. 131–136.Gallagher, E. J., & LeRoith, D. (2015). Obesity and diabetes: the increased risk of cancer and cancer-related mortality. Physiological Reviews, 95, 727–748.Mensink R.P., Katan M.B. Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins. A meta-analysis of 27 trials // Arterioscler. Thromb. – 1992. – Vol. 12. – P. 911–919.https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00030.2014Mensink R.P., Zock P.L., Kester A.D., Katan M.B. Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: A meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. – 2003. – Vol. 77. – P. 1146–1155.Gee, P. T. (2007). Analytical characteristics of crude and refined palm oil and fractions. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 109, 373–379.Chen B.K., Seligman B., Farquhar J.W., Goldhaber-Fiebert J.D. Multi-Country analysis of palm oil consumption and cardiovascular disease mortality for countries at different stages of economic development: 1980–1997 // Glob. Health. – 2011. – Vol. 7. – P. 45–54.https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200600264Utarwuthipong T., Komindr S., Pakpeankitvatana V., Songchitsomboon S. et al. Small dense low-density lipoprotein concentration and oxidative susceptibility changes after consumption of soybean oil, rice bran oil, palm oil and mixed rice bran/palm oil in hypercholesterolaemic women // J. Int. Med. Res. – 2009. – Vol. 37. – P. 96–104.Ge, G., Wu, J., & Lin, Q. (2001). Effect of membrane fluidity on tyrosine kinase activity of reconstituted epidermal growth factor receptor. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 282, 511–514.Truswell A.S. Comparing palmolein with different predominantly monounsaturated oils: Effect on plasma lipids // Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. – 2000. – Vol. 51. – P. 73–77.https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.2001.4600Vega-López S., Ausman L.M., Jalbert S.M. et al. Palm and partially hydrogenated soybean oils adversely alter lipoprotein profiles compared with soybean and canola oils in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. – 2006. – Vol. 84. – P. 54–62.Ghoshal, S., Witta, J., Zhong, J., De Villiers, W., & Eckhardt, E. (2009). Chylomicrons promote intestinal absorption of lipopolysaccharides. Journal of Lipid Research, 50, 90–97. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M800156-JLR200Clandinin M.T., Cook S.L., Konrad S.D. et al. The effect of palmitic acid on lipoprotein cholesterol levels and endogenous cholesterol synthesis in hyperlipidemic subjects // Lipids. – 1999. – Vol. 34. – P. 121–124.Gunstone, F. D. (2011). Vegetable oils in food technology: Composition, properties and uses (2nd ed., pp. 25–153). Blackwell Publishing Ltd.Clandinin M.T., Cook S.L., Konrad S.D., French M.A. The effect of palmitic acid on lipoprotein cholesterol levels // Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. – 2000. – Vol. 51. – P. 61–S71.Hardy, S., Langelier, Y., & Prentki, M. (2000). Oleate activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and promotes proliferation and reduces apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, whereas palmitate has opposite effects. Cancer Research, 60, 6353–6358.Marzuki A., Arshad F., Razak T.A., Jaarin K. Influence of dietary fat on plasma lipid profiles of Malaysian adolescents // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. – 1991. – Vol. 53, N4. – P. 1010–1014.Henson, I. E. (2012). A brief history of the palm oil. In Palm oil: Production, processing, characterization and uses. AOCS Press.Sundram K., Ismail A., Hayes K.C., et al. Trans (elaidic) fatty acids adversely affect the lipoprotein profile relative to specific saturated fatty acids in humans // J. Nutr. – 1997. – Vol. 127. – P. 514–520.Hodge, A. M., Williamson, E. J., Bassett, J. K., MacInnis, R. J., Giles, G. G., & English, D. R. (2015). Dietary and biomarker estimates of fatty acids and risk of colorectal cancer. International Journal of Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29479Sundram K., Hayes K.C., Siru O.H. Dietary palmitic acid results in lower serum cholesterol than does a lauric-myristic acid combination in normolipemic humans // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. – 1994. – Vol. 59. – P. 841–846.Holt, E.L.L., Courtney, A.M., & Fales, H.L. (1920). Calcium metabolism of infants and young children and the relation of calcium to fat excretion in the stools. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 19(3), 201–222.Favé G., Coste T.C., Armand M. Physicochemical properties of lipids: New strategies to manage fatty acid bioavailability // Cell. Mol. Biol. – 2004. – Vol. 50. – P. 815–831.Holt, E. L. L., Courtney, A. M., & Fales, H. L. (1918). Is the amount of calcium usually given in dilutions of cow’s milk injurious to infants?: A reply to the article on «Calcium in its Relation to the Absorption of Fatty Acids», by Bosworth, Bowditch and Giblin. American Journal of Diseases of Children; Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 16(1), 52–56.Karupaiah T., Sundram K. Effects of stereospecific positioning of fatty acids in triacylglycerol structures in native and randomized fats: A review of their nutritional implications // Nutr. Metab. – 2007. – Vol. 4. – P. 16–32.Holt, Jr. M. D. L. E., Tidwell, Ph. D. H. C., Kirk, M. D. C. M., Cross, D. M., & Neale, S. (1935). Studies in fat metabolism: I. Fat absorption in normal infants. Journal of Pediatrics, 6(4), 427–480.Kromhout D., Menotti A., Bloemberg B. et al. Dietary saturated and trans fatty acids and cholesterol and 25-year mortality from coronary heart disease: The Seven Countries Study // Prev. Med. – 1995. – Vol. 24. – P. 308–315.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022–3476(35)80034–6Clarke R., Frost C., Collins R. et al. Dietary lipids and blood cholesterol: Quantitative meta-analysis of metabolic ward studies // BMJ. – 1997. – Vol. 314. – P. 112–117.Ishii, M., Maeda, A., Tani, S., & Akagawa, M. (2015). Palmitate induces insulin resistance in human HepG2 hepatocytes by enhancing ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of key insulin signaling molecules. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 566, 26–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2014.12.009Renaud S.C., Ruf J.C., Petithory D. The positional distribution of fatty acids in palm oil and lard influences their biologic effects in rats // J. Nutr. – 1995. – Vol. 125. – P. 229–237.Jackson, M. D., Walker, S. P., Simpson-Smith, C. M., Lindsay, C. M., Smith, G., McFarlane-Anderson, N., Bennett, F. I., Coard, K. C. M., Aiken, W. D., Tulloch, T., Paul, T. J., & Wan, R. L. (2012). Associations of whole-blood fatty acids and dietary intakes with prostate cancer in Jamaica. Cancer Causes & Control, 23, 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552–011-9850–4Kritchevsky D., Tepper S.A., Wright S. et al. Cholesterol vehicle in experimental atherosclerosis. Cottonseed oil and randomized cottonseed oil // Nutr. Res. – 1998. – Vol. 18. – P. 259–264.Jager, J., Gremeaux, T., Cormont, M., Marchand-Brustel, Y. L., & Tanti, J.-F. (2007). Interleukin-1β-induced insulin resistance in adipocytes through down-regulation of insulin receptor substrate-1 expression. Endocrinology, 148, 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2006–0692Kritchevsky D., Tepper S.A., Kuksis A. et al. Cholesterol vehicle in experimental atherosclerosis. Native and randomized lard and tallow // J. Nutr. Biochem. – 1998. – Vol. 9. – P. 582–585.Jensen, R. G. (1996). The lipids in human milk. Progress in Lipid Research, 35, 53–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163–7827(95)00010–0Kritchevsky D., Tepper S.A., Chen S.C. et al. Cholesterol vehicle in experimental atherosclerosis. 23. Effects of specific synthetic triglycerides // Lipids. – 2000. – Vol. 35. – P. 621–625.Jiao, P., Ma, J., Feng, B., Zhang, H., Diehl, J. A., Chin, Y. E., Yan, W., & Xu, H. (2011). FFA-induced adipocyte inflammation and insulin resistance: Involvement of ER stress and IKKβ pathways. Obesity, 19, 483–491.Kritchevsky D., Tepper S.A., Czarnecki S.K., Sundram K. Red palm oil in experimental atherosclerosis // Asia Pacific J. Clin. Nutr. – 2002. – Vol. 11. – P. 433–437.https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2010.200López-López A., Castellote-Bargalló A.I., Campoy-Folgoso C. et al. The influence of dietary palmitic acid triacylglyceride position on the fatty acid, calcium and magnesium contents of at term newborn faeces // Early Hum. Dev. – 2001. – Vol. 65. – P. 83–94.Karupaiah, T., & Sundram, K. (2007). Effects of stereospecific positioning of fatty acids in triacylglycerol structures in native and randomized fats: A review of their nutritional implications. Nutrition & Metabolism, 4, 16–32.Sczaniecka A.K., Brasky T.M., Lampe J.W. et al. Dietary intake of specific fatty acids and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women in the VITAL cohort // Nutr. Cancer. – 2012. – Vol. 64. – P. 1131–1142.https://doi.org/10.1186/1743–7075-4–16Hodge A.M., Williamson E.J., Bassett J.K. Dietary and biomarker estimates of fatty acids and risk of colorectal cancer // Int. J. Cancer. – 2015.Kennedy, K., Fewtrell, M. S., Morley, R., Abbott, R., Quinlan, P. T., Wells, J. C., Bindels, J. G., & Lucas, A. (1999). Double–blind, randomized trial of a synthetic triacylglycerol in formula–fed term infants: effects on stool biochemistry, stool characteristics, and bone mineralization. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70(5), 920–927. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/70.5.920Jackson M.D., Walker S.P., Simpson-Smith C.M. et al. Associations of whole-blood fatty acids and dietary intakes with prostate cancer in Jamaica // Cancer Causes Control. – 2012. – Vol. 23. – P. 23–33.Keys, A., Menotti, A., Aravanis, C., Blackburn, H., Djordevic, B. S., Buzina, R., Dontas, A. S., Fidanza, F., Karvonen, M. J., & Kimura, N. (1984). The seven countries study: 2289 deaths in 15 years. Preventive Medicine, 13, 141–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091–7435(84)90047–1Saadatian-Elahi M., Norat T., Goudable J., Riboli E. Biomarkers of dietary fatty acid intake and the risk of breast cancer: A meta-analysis // Int. J. Cancer. – 2004. – Vol. 111. – P. 584–591.Keys, A., Menotti, A., Karvonen, M. J., Aravanis, C., Blackburn, H., Buzina, R., Djordjevic, B. S., Dontas, A. S., Fidanza, F., & Keys, M. H. (1986). The diet and 15-year death rate in the seven countries study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 124, 903–915. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114480Shen X.J., Zhou J.D., Dong J.Y. et al. Dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids and colorectal cancer risk: A meta-analysis of data from 489,000 individuals // Br. J. Nutr. – 2012. – Vol. 108. – P. 1550–1556.Kharroubi, A. T., & Darwish, H. M. (2015). Diabetes mellitus: The epidemic of the century. World Journal of Diabetes, 6, 850–867. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v6.i6.850Brouwer I.A., Katan M.B., Zock P.L. Dietary α-linolenic acidis associated with reduced risk of fatal coronary heart disease, but increased prostate cancer risk: A meta-analysis // J. Nutr. – 2004. – Vol. 134. – P. 919–922.Kochikuzhyil, B. M., Devi, K., & Fattepur, S. R. (2010). Effect of saturated fatty acid-rich dietary vegetable oils on lipid profile, antioxidant enzymes and glucose tolerance in diabetic rats. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 42, 142–145. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253–7613.66835Wolk A., Bergstrom R., Hunter D. et al. A prospective study of association of monounsaturated fat and other types of fat with risk of breast cancer. Arch // Intern. Med. – 1998. – Vol. 158. – P. 41–45.Koletzko, B., Baker, S., Cleghorn, G., Neto, U. F., Gopalan, S., Hernell, O., Hock, Q. S., Jirapinyo, P., Lonnerdal, B., Pencharz, P., Pzyrembel, H., Ramirez-Mayans, J., Shamir, R., Turck, D., Yamashiro, Y., & Zong-Yi, D. (2005). Global standard for the composition of infant formula: Recommendations of an ESPGHAN coordinated international expert group. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 41(5), 584–599. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mpg.0000187817.38836.42Lof M., Sandin S., Lagiou P. et al. Dietary fat and breast cancer risk in the Swedish women’s lifestyle and health cohort // Br. J. Cancer. – 2007. – Vol. 97. – P. 1570–1576.Kolonel, L. N., Nomura, A. M., & Cooney, R. V. (1999). Dietary fat and prostate cancer: Current status. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 91, 414–428. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/91.5.414Sieri S., Krogh V., Ferrari P. et al. Dietary fat and breast cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. – 2008. – Vol. 88. – P. 1304–1312.Koo, W. W., Hammami, M., Margeson, D. P., Nwaesei, C., Montalto, M. B., & Lasekan, J. B. (2003). Reduced bone mineralization in infants fed palm olein–containing formula: A randomized, double–blinded, prospective trial. Pediatrics, 111(5), 1017–1023. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.111.5.1017Thiebaut A.C., Kipnis V., Chang S.C. et al. Dietary fat and postmenopausal invasive breast cancer in the national institutes of health-AARP diet and health study cohort // J. Natl. Cancer Inst. – 2007. – Vol. 99. – P. 451–462.Koo, W. W. K., Hockman, E. M., & Dow, M. (2006). Palm olein in the fat blend of infant formulas: Effect on the intestinal absorption of calcium and fat, and bone mineralization. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2, 117–122.Theodoratou E., McNeill G., Cetnarskyj R. et al. Dietary fatty acids and colorectal cancer: A case-control study // Am. J. Epidemiol. – 2007. – Vol. 166. – P. 181–195.https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2006.10719521Crowe F.L., Allen N.E., Appleby P.N. et al. Fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids and risk of prostate cancer in a case-control analysis nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. – 2008. – Vol. 88. – P. 1353–1363.Kopelman, P. G. (2000). Obesity as a medical problem. Nature, 404, 635–643. https://doi.org/10.1038/35007508Kurahashi N., Inoue M., Iwasaki M. et al. Dairy product, saturated fatty acid, and calcium intake and prostate cancer in a prospective cohort of Japanese men // Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark.Prev. – 2008. – Vol. 17. – P. 930–937.Kritchevsky, D., & Sundram K. (2002). Palm oil in human nutrition: Recent advances. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 11(7), 393. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440–6047.2001.00401.xHardy S., Langelier Y., Prentki M. Oleate activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and promotes proliferation and reduces apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, whereas palmitate has opposite effects // Cancer Res. – 2000. – Vol. 60. – P. 6353–6358.Kritchevsky, D., Tepper, S. A., Chen, S. C., Meijer, G. W., & Krauss, R. M. (2000). Cholesterol vehicle in experimental atherosclerosis. Effects of specific synthetic triglycerides. Lipids, 35, 621–625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745–000-0565–3Rossini A., Zanobbio L., Sfondrini L. et al. Influence of fatty acid-free diet on mammary tumor development and growth rate in HER-2/Neu transgenic mice // J. Cell. Physiol. – 2013. – Vol. 228. – P. 242–249.Kritchevsky, D., Tepper, S. A., Czarnecki, S. K., & Sundram, K. (2002). Red palm oil in experimental atherosclerosis. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 11, 433–437. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440–6047.11.s.7.5.xBartsch H., Nair J., Owen R.W. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and cancers of the breast and colorectum: Emerging evidence for their role as risk modifiers // Carcinogenesis. – 1999. – Vol. 20. – P. 2209–2218.Kritchevsky, D., Tepper, S. A., & Kuksis, A. (1998). Cholesterol vehicle in experimental atherosclerosis. Native and randomized lard and tallow. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 9, 582–585.Kolonel L.N., Nomura A.M., Cooney R.V. Dietary fat and prostate cancer: Current status // J. Natl. Cancer Inst. – 1999. – Vol. 91. – P. 414–428.Kritchevsky, D., Tepper, S. A., & Wright, S. (1998). Cholesterol vehicle in experimental atherosclerosis. Cottonseed oil and randomized cottonseed oil. Nutrition Reviews, 18, 259–264.Escrich E., Solanas M., Moral R. et al. Are the olive oil and other dietary lipids related to cancer? Experimental evidence // Clin. Transl. Oncol. – 2006. – Vol. 8. – P. 868–883.Kromhout, D., Keys, A., Aravanis, C., Buzina, R., Fidanza, F., Giampaoli, S., Jansen, A., Menotti, A., Nedeljkovic, S., & Pekkarinen M. (1989). Food consumption patterns in the 1960s in seven countries. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 49, 889–894. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/49.5.889Kuriki K., Wakai K., Hirose K. et al. Risk of colorectal cancer is linked to erythrocyte compositions of fatty acids as biomarkers for dietary intakes of fish, fat, and fatty acids // Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark.Prev. – 2006. – Vol. 15. – P. 1791–1798.Kromhout, D., Menotti, A., Bloemberg, B., Aravanis, C., Blackburn, H., Buzina, R., Dontas, A. S., Fidanza, F., Giampaoli, S., & Jansen, A. (1995). Dietary saturated and trans fatty acids and cholesterol and 25-year mortality from coronary heart disease: The seven countries study. Preventive Medicine, 24, 308–315. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1995.1049Shannon J., King I.B., Moshofsky R. et al. Erythrocyte fatty acids and breast cancer risk: A case-control study in Shanghai, China // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. – 2007. – Vol. 85. – P. 1090–1097.Kronenberg, F., Kronenberg, M. F., Kiechl, S., Trenkwalder, E., Santer, P., Oberhollenzer, F., Egger, G., Utermann, G., & Willeit, J. (1999). Role of lipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein(a) phenotype in atherogenesis: Prospective results from the Bruneck study. Circulation, 100, 1154–1160.Escrich E., Solanas M., Moral R., Escrich R. Modulatory effects and molecular mechanisms of olive oil and other dietary lipids in breast cancer // Curr. Pharm. Des. – 2011. – Vol. 17. – P. 813–830.https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.100.11.1154Calder P.C. Dietary fatty acids and the immune system // Lipids. – 1999. – Vol. 34. – P. 137–140.Kurahashi, N., Inoue, M., Iwasaki, M., Sasazuki, S., & Tsugane, A.S. (2008). Dairy product, saturated fatty acid, and calcium intake and prostate cancer in a prospective cohort of Japanese men. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 17, 930–937. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055–9965.EPI-07–2681Ge G., Wu J., Lin Q. Effect of membrane fluidity on tyrosine ki-nase activity of reconstituted epidermal growth factor receptor // Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. – 2001. – Vol. 282. – P. 511–514.Kuriki, K., Wakai, K., Hirose, K., Matsuo, K., Ito, H., Suzuki, T., Saito, T., Kanemitsu, Y., Hirai, T., Kato, T., Tatematsu, M., & Tajima, K. (2006). Risk of colorectal cancer is linked to erythrocyte compositions of fatty acids as biomarkers for dietary intakes of fish, fat, and fatty acids. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 15, 1791–1798.Soto-Guzman A., Navarro-Tito N., Castro-Sanchez L. et al. Oleic acid promotes MMP-9 secretion and invasion in breast cancer cells // Clin. Exp. Metastasis. – 2010. – Vol. 27. – P. 505–515.https://doi.org/10.1158/1055–9965.EPI-06–0180Matsuoka T., Adair J.E., Lih F.B. et al. Elevated dietary linoleic acid increases gastric carcinoma cell invasion and metastasis in mice // Br. J. Cancer. – 2010. – Vol. 103. – P. 1182–1191.Laugerette, F., Furet, J. P., Debard, C., Daira, P., Loizon, E., Géloën, A., Soulage, C. O., Simonet, C., Lefils-Lacourtablaise, J., Bernoud-Hubac, N., Bodennec, J., Peretti, N., Vidal, H., & Michalski, M.-C. (2012). Oil composition of high-fat diet affects metabolic inflammation differently in connection with endotoxin receptors in mice. American Journal of Physiology — Endocrinology and Metabolism, 302, 374–386..Koletzko B., Baker S., Cleghorn G. et al. Global standard for the composition of infant formula: recommendations of an ESPGHAN coordinated international expert grou // J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol.Nutr. – 2005. – Vol. 41, N5. – P. 584–599.https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00314.2011Bosworth A.W., Bowditch H.I., Giblin L.A. Studies Of Infant Feeding. X.: The Digestion and Absorption of Fats. I. Calcium in its Relation to the Absorption of Fatty Acids // Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. – 1918. – Vol. 15, N6. – P. 397–407.Laugerette, F., Vors, C., Geloen, A., Chauvin, M.-A., Soulage, C., Lambert-Porcheron, S., Peretti, N., Alligier, M., Burcelin, R., Laville, M., Vidal, H., & Michalsk, M.-C. (2011). Emulsified lipids increase endotoxemia: Possible role in early postprandial low-grade inflammation. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 22, 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.11.011Holt E.L.L., Courtney A.M., Fales H.L. Is The Amount of Calcium Usually Given in Dilutions of Cow's Milk Injurious to Infants?: A Reply to the Article on «Calcium in its Relation to the Absorption of Fatty Acids», by Bosworth, Bowditch and Giblin // Am. J. Dis. Children. – 1918; Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. – 1918. – Vol. 16, N1. – P. 52–56.Ley, R. E., Bäckhed, F., Turnbaugh, P., Lozupone, C. A., Knight, R. D., & Gordon, J. I. (2005). Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 11070–11075. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0504978102Holt E.L.L., Courtney A.M., Fales H.L. Calcium Metabolism of Infants and Young Children and the Relation of Calcium to Fat Excretion in the Stools // Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. – 1920. – Vol. 19, N3. – P. 201–222.Litmanovitz, I., Davidson, K., & Eliakim, A. (2011). The effects of infant formula beta–palmitate structural position on bone speed of sound, anthropometrics and infantile colic: A double–blind, randomized control trial. ESPGHAN Annual Meeting, May 25–28, 2011, Sorrento, Italy. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 52(1), 215.Holt L.E., Tidwell H.C., Kirk C.M. et al. Studies in fat metabolism: I. Fat absorption in normal infants // J. Pediatr. – 1935. – Vol. 6, N4. – P. 427–480.Lof, M., Sandin, S., Lagiou, P., Hilakivi-Clarke, L., Trichopoulos, D., Adami, H.-O., & Weiderpass, E. (2007). Dietary fat and breast cancer risk in the Swedish women’s lifestyle and health cohort. British Journal of Cancer, 97, 1570–1576.Widdowson E.M. Absorption and excretion of fat, nitrogen, and minerals from «filled» milks by babies one week old // Lancet. – 1965. – Vol. 2, N7422. – P. 1099–1105.https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6604033Raven A.M., Robinson K.L. Studies of the nutrition of the young calf // Br. J. Nutr. – 1960. – Vol. 14, N2. – P. 135–146.López-López, A., Castellote-Bargalló, A. I., Campoy-Folgoso, C., Rivero-Urgël, M., Tormo-Carnicé, R., Infante-Pina, D., & López-Sabater, M. C. (2001). The influence of dietary palmitic acid triacylglyceride position on the fatty acid, calcium and magnesium contents of at term newborn faeces. Early Human Development, 65, 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378–3782(01)00210–9Fomon S.J. What are infants fed in the United States? // Pediatrics. – 1975. – Vol. 56, N 3. – P. 350–354.Lucas, A., Quinlan, P., Abrams, S., Ryan, S., Meah, S., & Lucas, P. J. (1997). Randomised controlled trial of a synthetic triglyceride milk formula for preterm infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood — Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 77(3), 178–84. https://doi.org/10.1136/fn.77.3.f178Nelson S.E., Rogers R.R., Frantz J.A., Ziegler E.E. Palm olein in infant formula: absorption of fat and minerals by normal infants // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. – 1996. – Vol. 64, N3. – P. 291–296.Magri, T.P., Fernandes, F.S., Souza, A.S., Langhi, L.G.P., Barboza, T., Misan, V., Mucci, D.B., Santos, R.M., Nunes, T.F., Souza, S.A.L., Coelho, V.M., & Do Carmo, M.G.T. (2015). Interesterified fat or palmoil as substitutes for partially hydrogenated fat in maternal diet can predispose obesity in adult male offspring. Clinical Nutrition, 24, 904–910.Nelson S.E., Frantz J.A., Ziegler E.E. Absorption of fat and calcium by infants fed a milk–based formula containing palm olein // J. Am. Coll. Nutr. – 1998. – Vol. 17, N4. – P. 327–332.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2014.09.014Alarcon P.A., Tressler R.L., Mulvaney A. et al. Gastrointestinal tolerance of a new infant milk formula in healthy babies: an international study conducted in 17 countries // Nutrition. – 2002. – Vol. 18, N6. – P. 484–489.Marzuki, A., Arshad, F., Razak, T. A., & Jaarin, K. (1991). Influence of dietary fat on plasma lipid profiles of Malaysian adolescents. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 53(4), 1010–1014. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/53.4.1010SSpecker B.L., Beck A., Kalkwarf H., Ho M. Randomized trial of varying mineral intake on total body bone mineral accretion during the first year of life // Pediatrics. – 1997. – Vol. 99, N6. – P. 12.Matsuoka, T., Adair, J. E., Lih, F. B., His, L. C., Rubino, M., Eling, T. E., Tomer, K. B., Yashiro, M., Hirakawa, K., Olden, K., & Roberts, J. D. (2010). Elevated dietary linoleic acid increases gastric carcinoma cell invasion and metastasis in mice. British Journal of Cancer, 103, 1182–1191.Kennedy K., Fewtrell M.S., Morley R. et al. Double–blind, randomized trial of a synthetic triacylglycerol in formula–fed term infants: effects on stool biochemistry, stool characteristics, and bone mineralization // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. – 1999. – Vol. 70, N5. – P. 920–927.https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6605881Carnielli V.P., Luijendijk I.H., van Goudoever J.B. et al. Feeding premature newborn infants palmitic acid in amounts and stereoisomeric position similar to that of human milk: effects on fat and mineral balance // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. – 1995. – Vol. 61, N5. – P. 1037–1042.May, C. Y., & Nesaretnam, K. (2014). Research advancements in palm oil nutrition. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 116, 1301–1315.Carnielli V.P., Luijendijk I.H., Van Goudoever J.B. et al. Structural position and amount of palmitic acid in infant formulas: effects on fat, fatty acid, and mineral balance // J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol.Nutr. – 1996. – Vol. 23, N5. – P. 553–560.https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201400076Lucas A., Quinlan P., Abrams S. et al. Randomised controlled trial of a synthetic triglyceride milk formula for preterm infants // Arch. Dis. Child Fetal. Neonatal.Ed. – 1997. – Vol. 77, N 3. – P. 178–84.Mazzocchi, А., De Cosmi, V., & Milani, G. P. (2022). Agostoni health and sustainable nutritional choices from childhood: Dietary pattern and social models. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 78(2), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1159/000524860Bongers M.E., de Lorijn F., Reitsma J.B. et al. The clinical effect of a new infant formula in term infants with constipation: a double–blind, randomized cross–over trial // Nutr. J. – 2007. – Vol. 11. – P. 6–8.Mba, O. I., Dumont, M. J., & Ngadi, M. (2015). Palm Oil: Processing, characterization and utilization in the food industry — A review. Food Bioscience, 10, 26–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2015.01.003Litmanovitz I., Davidson K., Eliakim A. et al. The effects of infant formula beta–palmitate structural position on bone speed of sound, anthropometrics and infantile colic: a double–blind, randomized control trial. ESPGHAN Annual Meeting, May 25–28, 2011, Sorrento, Italy // JPGN. – 2011. – Vol. 52, N1. – P. 215.Mehrotra, V., Sehgal, S. K., & Bangale, N. R. (2019). Fat structure and composition in human milk and infant formulas: Implications in infant health. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 7(2), 153–159 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2018.03.005Koo W.W., Hammami M., Margeson D.P. et al. Reduced bone mineralization in infants fed palm olein–containing formula: a randomized, double–blinded, prospective trial // Pediatrics. – 2003. – Vol. 111, N 5. – P. 1017–1023.Menotti, A., Keys, A., Aravanis, C., Blackburn, H., Dontas, A., Fidanza, F., Karvonen, M. J., Kromhout, D., Nedeljkovic, S., & Nissinen, A. (1989). Seven countries study. First 20-year mortality data in 12 cohorts of six countries. Annals of Medicine, 21, 175–179. https://doi.org/10.3109/07853898909149929Санникова Н.Е., Стенникова О.В., Бородулина Т.В., Левчук Л.В. Жировой компонент адаптированных детских молочных смесей: современное состояние и история вопроса // РМЖ. 2013. – №2. – С. 115.Mensink, R. P., & Katan, M. B. (1992). Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins. A meta-analysis of 27 trials. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 12, 911–919. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.atv.12.8.911Sannikova N.E., Stennikova O.V., Borodulina T.V., Levchuk L.V. The fat component of adapted infant milk formulas: current state and history of the issue // RMJ. 2013. – No. 2. – S. 115. (in Russian)Mensink, R. P., Zock, P. L., Kester, A. D., & Katan, M. B. (2003). Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: A meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 77, 1146–1155.Верткин А.Л., Прохорович Е.А. Пальмовое масло в составе заменителей грудного молока. Обзор клинических исследований.// Медицинский совет. – 2013. – №8. – С. 111–113.https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1146Vertkin A.L., Prokhorovich E.A. Palm oil in breast milk substitutes. Review of clinical studies.// Medical Council. – 2013. – No. 8. – P. 111–113. (in Russian)Mordier, S., & Iynedjian, P. B. (2007). Activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 and insulin resistance induced by palmitate in hepatocytes. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 362, 206–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.08.004Кирко С.Р., Гуринович В.А., Е.П., Лукиенко Е.П. и др. Сравнительная характеристика жирнокислотного состава печени крыс при потреблении рапсового и растительно масел // Известия НАН Беларуси. Сер. мед. наук. – 2017. – №1. – С. 29–37.Musa, C. V., Mancini, A., Alfieri, A., Labruna, G., Valerio, G., Franzese, A., Pasanisi, F., Licenziati, M. R., Sacchetti, L., & Buono, P. (2012). Four novel UCP3 gene variants associated with childhood obesity: Effect on fatty acid oxidation and on prevention of triglyceride storage. International Journal of Obesity, 36, 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2011.81Kirko S.R., Gurinovich V.A., E.P., Lukienko E.P. Comparative characteristics of the fatty acid composition of the liver of rats during the consumption of rapeseed and vegetable oils // Izvestia of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Ser. honey. Sciences. – 2017. – No. 1. – S. 29–37. (in Russian)Musso, G., Gambino, R., & Cassader, M. (2011). Interactions between gut microbiota and host metabolism predisposing to obesity and diabetes. Annual Review of Medicine, 62, 361–380. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-012510–175505Bibik E.Yu. Gayvorovskaya Yu.V. Influence of excessive consumption of palm oil on the organometric parameters of the thymus in different periods of ontogeny // 7th Educatio International. Naum. Inst. – 2015. – Issue. IX, No. 16. – P. 48–52. (in Russian)Nelson, S. E., Frantz, J. A., & Ziegler, E. E. (1998). Absorption of fat and calcium by infants fed a milk–based formula containing palm olein. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 17(4), 327–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1998.10718770Amelyushkin. V. A., Rozhkova T. A., Titov V. N. Palmitic and oleic variants of fatty acid metabolism. Exogenous syndrome of insulin resistance in violation of the biological function of nutrition (trophology) // Klin.lab.diagnostika. – 2013. – No. 7. – P. 21–28. (in Russian)Nelson, S. E., Rogers, R. R., Frantz, J. A., & Ziegler, E. E. (1996). Palm olein in infant formula: absorption of fat and minerals by normal infants. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 64(3), 291–296. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/64.3.291Medvedeva N.A. Modern ideas about the possible impact of palm oil on human health // Food Issues. – 2016. – No. 1. – P. 5–18. (in Russian)Obibuzor, J. U., Okogbenin, E. A., & Abigor, R. D. (2012). Oil recovery from palm fruits and palm kernel. In Palm oil: Production, processing, characterization and uses (pp. 299–328). AOCS Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978–0-9818936–9-3.50014–9Yankovskaya L.V., Kezhun L.P., Slobodskaya N.S. et al. Influence of palm oil on the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases // Journal of Grodno State Medical University. – 2016. – No. 4. – P. 6–11. (in Russian)Ong, A. S., & Goh, S. H. (2002). Palm oil: A healthful and cost-effective dietary component. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 23, 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/156482650202300102Ong, A. S., & Goh, S. H. (2002). Palm oil: A healthful and cost-effective dietary component. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 23, 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/156482650202300102Odia, O. J., Ofori, S., & Maduka, O. (2015). Palm oil and the heart: A review. World Journal of Cardiology, 26, 144–149.Odia, O. J., Ofori, S., & Maduka, O. (2015). Palm oil and the heart: A review. World Journal of Cardiology, 26, 144–149.https://doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v7.i3.144https://doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v7.i3.144Padial-Jaudenes, M., Castanys-Munoz, E., Ramirez, M., & Lasekan, J. (2020). Physiological impact of palm olein or palm oil in infant formulas: A review of clinical evidence. Nutrients, 12(12), 3676. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123676Padial-Jaudenes, M., Castanys-Munoz, E., Ramirez, M., & Lasekan, J. (2020). Physiological impact of palm olein or palm oil in infant formulas: A review of clinical evidence. Nutrients, 12(12), 3676. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123676Raven, A. M., & Robinson, K. L. (1960). Studies of the nutrition of the young calf. British Journal of Nutrition, 14(2), 135–146.Raven, A. M., & Robinson, K. L. (1960). Studies of the nutrition of the young calf. British Journal of Nutrition, 14(2), 135–146.Renaud, S. C., Ruf, J. C., & Petithory, D. (1995). The positional distribution of fatty acids in palm oil and lard influences their biologic effects in rats. Journal of Nutrition, 125, 229–237. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/125.2.229Renaud, S. C., Ruf, J. C., & Petithory, D. (1995). The positional distribution of fatty acids in palm oil and lard influences their biologic effects in rats. Journal of Nutrition, 125, 229–237. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/125.2.229Risks for human health related to the presence of 3- and 2-monochloropropanediol (MCPD), and their fatty acid esters, and glycidyl fatty acid esters in food. EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM). https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4426Risks for human health related to the presence of 3- and 2-monochloropropanediol (MCPD), and their fatty acid esters, and glycidyl fatty acid esters in food. EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM). https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4426Rosqvist, F., Iggman, D., Kullberg, J., Cedernaes, J., Johansson, H.-E., Larsson, A., Johansson, L., Ahlström, H., Arner, P., Dahlman, I., & Risérus, U. (2014). Overfeeding polyunsaturated and saturated fat causes distinct effects on liver and visceral fat accumulation in humans. Diabetes, 63, 2356–2368.Rosqvist, F., Iggman, D., Kullberg, J., Cedernaes, J., Johansson, H.-E., Larsson, A., Johansson, L., Ahlström, H., Arner, P., Dahlman, I., & Risérus, U. (2014). Overfeeding polyunsaturated and saturated fat causes distinct effects on liver and visceral fat accumulation in humans. Diabetes, 63, 2356–2368.https://doi.org/10.2337/db13–1622https://doi.org/10.2337/db13–1622Rossini, A., Zanobbio, L., Sfondrini, L., Cavalleri, A., Secreto, G., Morelli, D., Palazzo, M., Sommariva, M., Tagliabue, E., Rumio, C., & Balsari, A. (2013). Influence of fatty acid-free diet on mammary tumor development and growth rate in HER-2/Neu transgenic mice. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 228, 242–249. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.24130Rossini, A., Zanobbio, L., Sfondrini, L., Cavalleri, A., Secreto, G., Morelli, D., Palazzo, M., Sommariva, M., Tagliabue, E., Rumio, C., & Balsari, A. (2013). Influence of fatty acid-free diet on mammary tumor development and growth rate in HER-2/Neu transgenic mice. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 228, 242–249. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.24130Saadatian-Elahi, M., Norat, T., Goudable, J., & Riboli, E. (2004). Biomarkers of dietary fatty acid intake and the risk of breast cancer: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Cancer, 111, 584–591. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.20284Saadatian-Elahi, M., Norat, T., Goudable, J., & Riboli, E. (2004). Biomarkers of dietary fatty acid intake and the risk of breast cancer: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Cancer, 111, 584–591. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.20284Sambanthamurthi, R., Sundram, K., & Tan, Y. A. (2000). Chemistry and biochemistry of palm oil. Progress in Lipid Research, 39, 507–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0163–7827(00)00015–1Sambanthamurthi, R., Sundram, K., & Tan, Y. A. (2000). Chemistry and biochemistry of palm oil. Progress in Lipid Research, 39, 507–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0163–7827(00)00015–1Savarese, M., Castellini, G., Paleologo, M., & Graffigna, G. (2022). Determinants of palm oil consumption in food products: A systematic review. Journal of Functional Foods, 96, 105207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2022.105207Savarese, M., Castellini, G., Paleologo, M., & Graffigna, G. (2022). Determinants of palm oil consumption in food products: A systematic review. Journal of Functional Foods, 96, 105207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2022.105207Sczaniecka, A. K., Brasky, T. M., Lampe, J. W., Patterson, R. E., & White, E. (2012). Dietary intake of specific fatty acids and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women in the VITAL cohort. Nutrition and Cancer, 64, 1131–1142. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2012.718033Sczaniecka, A. K., Brasky, T. M., Lampe, J. W., Patterson, R. E., & White, E. (2012). Dietary intake of specific fatty acids and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women in the VITAL cohort. Nutrition and Cancer, 64, 1131–1142. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2012.718033Sen, C. K., Khanna, S., & Roy, S. (2007). Tocotrienols in health and disease: The other half of the natural vitamin E family. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 28, 692–728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2007.03.001Sen, C. K., Khanna, S., & Roy, S. (2007). Tocotrienols in health and disease: The other half of the natural vitamin E family. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 28, 692–728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2007.03.001Shannon, J., King, I. B., Moshofsky, R., Lampe, J. W., Gao, D. L., Ray, R. M., & Thomas, D. B. (2007). Erythrocyte fatty acids and breast cancer risk: A case-control study in Shanghai, China. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 85, 1090–1097. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/85.4.1090Shannon, J., King, I. B., Moshofsky, R., Lampe, J. W., Gao, D. L., Ray, R. M., & Thomas, D. B. (2007). Erythrocyte fatty acids and breast cancer risk: A case-control study in Shanghai, China. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 85, 1090–1097. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/85.4.1090Shen, X. J., Zhou, J. D., Dong, J. Y., Ding, W. Q., & Wu, J. C. (2012). Dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids and colorectal cancer risk: A meta-analysis of data from 489,000 individuals. British Journal of Nutrition, 108, 1550–1556.Shen, X. J., Zhou, J. D., Dong, J. Y., Ding, W. Q., & Wu, J. C. (2012). Dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids and colorectal cancer risk: A meta-analysis of data from 489,000 individuals. British Journal of Nutrition, 108, 1550–1556.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512003546https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512003546Sieri, S., Krogh, V., Ferrari, P., Berrino, F., Pala, V., Thiébaut, A. C. M., Tjønneland, A., Olsen, A., Overvad, K., Jakobsen, M. U., Clavel-Chapelon, F., Chajes, V., Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine, Kaaks, R., Linseisen, J., Boeing, H., Nöthlings, U., Trichopoulou, A., Naska, A., Lagiou, P., Panico, S., Palli, D., Vineis, P., Tumino, R., Lund, E., Kumle, M., Skeie, G., González, C. A., Ardanaz, E., Amiano, P., Tormo, M.J., Martínez-García, C., Quirós, J. R., Berglund, G., Gullberg, B., Hallmans, G., Lenner, P., Bueno-de-Mesquita, H.B., Van Duijnhoven, F. J. B., Peeters, P. H. M., Van Gils, C. H., Key, T. J., Crowe, F. L., Bingham, S., Khaw, K. T., Rinaldi, S., Slimani, N., Jenab, M., Norat, T., & Riboli, E. (2008). Dietary fat and breast cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 88, 1304–1312. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26090Sieri, S., Krogh, V., Ferrari, P., Berrino, F., Pala, V., Thiébaut, A. C. M., Tjønneland, A., Olsen, A., Overvad, K., Jakobsen, M. U., Clavel-Chapelon, F., Chajes, V., Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine, Kaaks, R., Linseisen, J., Boeing, H., Nöthlings, U., Trichopoulou, A., Naska, A., Lagiou, P., Panico, S., Palli, D., Vineis, P., Tumino, R., Lund, E., Kumle, M., Skeie, G., González, C. A., Ardanaz, E., Amiano, P., Tormo, M.J., Martínez-García, C., Quirós, J. R., Berglund, G., Gullberg, B., Hallmans, G., Lenner, P., Bueno-de-Mesquita, H.B., Van Duijnhoven, F. J. B., Peeters, P. H. M., Van Gils, C. H., Key, T. J., Crowe, F. L., Bingham, S., Khaw, K. T., Rinaldi, S., Slimani, N., Jenab, M., Norat, T., & Riboli, E. (2008). Dietary fat and breast cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 88, 1304–1312. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26090Silva, A. P., Guimaraes, D. E., Mizurini, D. M., Maia, I. C., Ortiz-Costa, S., Sardinha, F. L., & Do Carmo, M. G. T. (2006). Dietary fatty acids early in life affect lipid metabolism and adiposity in young rats. Lipids, 41, 535–541.Silva, A. P., Guimaraes, D. E., Mizurini, D. M., Maia, I. C., Ortiz-Costa, S., Sardinha, F. L., & Do Carmo, M. G. T. (2006). Dietary fatty acids early in life affect lipid metabolism and adiposity in young rats. Lipids, 41, 535–541.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745–006-5002–0https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745–006-5002–0Simon-Szabó, L., Kokas, M., Mandl, J., Kéri, G., & Csala, M. (2014). Metformin attenuates palmitate-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, Serine Phosphorylation of IRS-1 and apoptosis in rat insulinoma cells. PLoS ONE, 9, 97868–97875. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097868Simon-Szabó, L., Kokas, M., Mandl, J., Kéri, G., & Csala, M. (2014). Metformin attenuates palmitate-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, Serine Phosphorylation of IRS-1 and apoptosis in rat insulinoma cells. PLoS ONE, 9, 97868–97875. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097868Soto-Guzman, A., Navarro-Tito, N., Castro-Sanchez, L., Martinez-Orozco, R., & Salazar, E. P. (2010). Oleic acid promotes MMP-9 secretion and invasion in breast cancer cells. Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 27, 505–515.Soto-Guzman, A., Navarro-Tito, N., Castro-Sanchez, L., Martinez-Orozco, R., & Salazar, E. P. (2010). Oleic acid promotes MMP-9 secretion and invasion in breast cancer cells. Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 27, 505–515.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10585–010-9340–1https://doi.org/10.1007/s10585–010-9340–1Souganidis, E., Laillou, A., Leyvraz, M., & Moench-Pfanner, R. (2013). A comparison of retinyl palmitate and red Palm Oil β-carotene as strategies to address Vitamin A deficiency. Nutrients, 15, 3257–3271. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5083257Souganidis, E., Laillou, A., Leyvraz, M., & Moench-Pfanner, R. (2013). A comparison of retinyl palmitate and red Palm Oil β-carotene as strategies to address Vitamin A deficiency. Nutrients, 15, 3257–3271. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5083257Specker, B. L., Beck, A., Kalkwarf, H., & Ho, M. (1997). Randomized trial of varying mineral intake on total body bone mineral accretion during the first year of life. Pediatrics, 99(6), 12. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.99.6.e12Specker, B. L., Beck, A., Kalkwarf, H., & Ho, M. (1997). Randomized trial of varying mineral intake on total body bone mineral accretion during the first year of life. Pediatrics, 99(6), 12. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.99.6.e12Stoll, L.L., Denning, G. M., Li, W. G., Rice, J. B., Harrelson, A. L., Romig, S. A., Gunnlaugsson, S. T., Miller, Jr. F. J., & Weintraub, N. L. (2004). Regulation of endotoxin-induced proinflammatory activation in human coronary artery cells: Expression of functional membrane-bound CD14 by human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Journal of Immunology, 173, 1336–1343.Stoll, L.L., Denning, G. M., Li, W. G., Rice, J. B., Harrelson, A. L., Romig, S. A., Gunnlaugsson, S. T., Miller, Jr. F. J., & Weintraub, N. L. (2004). Regulation of endotoxin-induced proinflammatory activation in human coronary artery cells: Expression of functional membrane-bound CD14 by human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Journal of Immunology, 173, 1336–1343.https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.173.2.1336https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.173.2.1336Storlien, L. H., Higgins, J. A., Thomas, T. C., Brown, M. A., Wang, H. Q., Huang, X. F., & Else, P. L. (2000). Diet composition and insulin action in animal models. British Journal of Nutrition, 83, 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114500001008Storlien, L. H., Higgins, J. A., Thomas, T. C., Brown, M. A., Wang, H. Q., Huang, X. F., & Else, P. L. (2000). Diet composition and insulin action in animal models. British Journal of Nutrition, 83, 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114500001008Sundram, K., Hayes, K. C., & Siru, O. H. (1994). Dietary palmitic acid results in lower serum cholesterol than does a lauric-myristic acid combination in normolipemic humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 59, 841–846.Sundram, K., Hayes, K. C., & Siru, O. H. (1994). Dietary palmitic acid results in lower serum cholesterol than does a lauric-myristic acid combination in normolipemic humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 59, 841–846.https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/59.4.841https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/59.4.841Sundram, K., Ismail, A., Hayes, K. C., Jeyamalar, R., & Pathmanathan, R. (1997). Trans (elaidic) fatty acids adversely affect the lipoprotein profile relative to specific saturated fatty acids in humans. Journal of Nutrition, 127, 514–520.Sundram, K., Ismail, A., Hayes, K. C., Jeyamalar, R., & Pathmanathan, R. (1997). Trans (elaidic) fatty acids adversely affect the lipoprotein profile relative to specific saturated fatty acids in humans. Journal of Nutrition, 127, 514–520.https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/127.3.514Shttps://doi.org/10.1093/jn/127.3.514SSundram, K., Sambanthamurthi, R., & Tan, Y. A. (2003). Palm fruit chemistry and nutrition. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 12, 355–362.Sundram, K., Sambanthamurthi, R., & Tan, Y. A. (2003). Palm fruit chemistry and nutrition. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 12, 355–362.Theodoratou, E., McNeill, G., Cetnarskyj, R., Farrington, S. M., Tenesa, A., Barnetson, R., Porteous, M., Dunlop, M., & Campbell, H. (2007). Dietary fatty acids and colorectal cancer: A case-control study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 166, 181–195. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwm063Theodoratou, E., McNeill, G., Cetnarskyj, R., Farrington, S. M., Tenesa, A., Barnetson, R., Porteous, M., Dunlop, M., & Campbell, H. (2007). Dietary fatty acids and colorectal cancer: A case-control study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 166, 181–195. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwm063Thiebaut, A. C., Kipnis, V., Chang, S. C., Subar, A. F., Thompson, F. E., Rosenberg, P. S., Hollenbeck, A. R., Leitzmann, M., & Schatzkin, A. (2007). Dietary fat and postmenopausal invasive breast cancer in the national institutes of health-AARP diet and health study cohort. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 99, 451–462. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djk094Thiebaut, A. C., Kipnis, V., Chang, S. C., Subar, A. F., Thompson, F. E., Rosenberg, P. S., Hollenbeck, A. R., Leitzmann, M., & Schatzkin, A. (2007). Dietary fat and postmenopausal invasive breast cancer in the national institutes of health-AARP diet and health study cohort. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 99, 451–462. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djk094Thompson, N. M., Norman, A. M., Donkin, S. S., Shankar, R. R., Vickers, M. H., Miles, J. L., & Breier, B. H. (2007). Prenatal and postnatal pathways to obesity: Different underlying mechanisms, different metabolic outcomes. Endocrinology, 148, 2345–2354. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2006–1641Thompson, N. M., Norman, A. M., Donkin, S. S., Shankar, R. R., Vickers, M. H., Miles, J. L., & Breier, B. H. (2007). Prenatal and postnatal pathways to obesity: Different underlying mechanisms, different metabolic outcomes. Endocrinology, 148, 2345–2354. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2006–1641Ting, J. P., Willingham, S. B., & Bergstralh, D. T. (2008). NLRs at the intersection of cell death and immunity. Nature Reviews Immunology, 8, 372–379. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2296Ting, J. P., Willingham, S. B., & Bergstralh, D. T. (2008). NLRs at the intersection of cell death and immunity. Nature Reviews Immunology, 8, 372–379. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2296Truswell, A. S. (2000). Comparing palmolein with different predominantly monounsaturated oils: Effect on plasma lipids. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 51, 73–77.Truswell, A. S. (2000). Comparing palmolein with different predominantly monounsaturated oils: Effect on plasma lipids. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 51, 73–77.Urugo, M. M., Teka, T. A., Teshome, P. G., & Tringo, T. T. (2021). Palm oil processing and controversies over its health effect: Overview of positive and negative consequences. Journal of Oleo Science, 70(12), 1693–1706.Urugo, M. M., Teka, T. A., Teshome, P. G., & Tringo, T. T. (2021). Palm oil processing and controversies over its health effect: Overview of positive and negative consequences. Journal of Oleo Science, 70(12), 1693–1706.https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess21160https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess21160Utarwuthipong, T., Komindr, S., Pakpeankitvatana, V., Songchitsomboon, S., & Thongmuang, N. (2009). Small dense low-density lipoprotein concentration and oxidative susceptibility changes after consumption of soybean oil, rice bran oil, palm oil and mixed rice bran/palm oil in hypercholesterolaemic women. Journal of International Medical Research, 37, 96–104.Utarwuthipong, T., Komindr, S., Pakpeankitvatana, V., Songchitsomboon, S., & Thongmuang, N. (2009). Small dense low-density lipoprotein concentration and oxidative susceptibility changes after consumption of soybean oil, rice bran oil, palm oil and mixed rice bran/palm oil in hypercholesterolaemic women. Journal of International Medical Research, 37, 96–104.https://doi.org/10.1177/147323000903700111https://doi.org/10.1177/147323000903700111Van Amelsvoort, J. M., Van der Beek, A., & Stam, J. J. (1986). Effects of the type of dietary fatty acid on the insulin receptor function in rat epididymal fat cells. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 30, 273–280. https://doi.org/10.1159/000177204Van Amelsvoort, J. M., Van der Beek, A., & Stam, J. J. (1986). Effects of the type of dietary fatty acid on the insulin receptor function in rat epididymal fat cells. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 30, 273–280. https://doi.org/10.1159/000177204Vega-López, S., Ausman, L. M., Jalbert, S. M., Erkkilä, A. T., & Lichtenstein, A. H. (2006). Palm and partially hydrogenated soybean oils adversely alter lipoprotein profiles compared with soybean and canola oils in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 84, 54–62. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.54Vega-López, S., Ausman, L. M., Jalbert, S. M., Erkkilä, A. T., & Lichtenstein, A. H. (2006). Palm and partially hydrogenated soybean oils adversely alter lipoprotein profiles compared with soybean and canola oils in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 84, 54–62. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.54Verschuren, W. M., Jacobs, D. R., Bloemberg, B. P., Kromhout, D., Menotti, A., Aravanis, C., Blackburn, H., Buzina, R., Dontas, A. S., & Fidanza, F. (1995). Serum total cholesterol and long-term coronary heart disease mortality in different cultures. Twenty-five-year follow-up of the seven countries study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 274, 131–136.Verschuren, W. M., Jacobs, D. R., Bloemberg, B. P., Kromhout, D., Menotti, A., Aravanis, C., Blackburn, H., Buzina, R., Dontas, A. S., & Fidanza, F. (1995). Serum total cholesterol and long-term coronary heart disease mortality in different cultures. Twenty-five-year follow-up of the seven countries study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 274, 131–136.Walldius, G., & Jungner, I. (2004). Apolipoprotein B and apolipoprotein A-I: Risk indicators of coronary heart disease and targets for lipid-modifying therapy. Journal of Internal Medicine, 255, 188–205.Walldius, G., & Jungner, I. (2004). Apolipoprotein B and apolipoprotein A-I: Risk indicators of coronary heart disease and targets for lipid-modifying therapy. Journal of Internal Medicine, 255, 188–205.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365–2796.2003.01276.xhttps://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365–2796.2003.01276.xWalldius, G., Jungner, I., Holme, I., Aastveit, A. H., Kolar, W., & Steiner, E. (2001). High apolipoprotein B, low apolipoprotein A-I, and improvement in the prediction of fatal myocardial infarction (AMORIS study): A prospective study. Lancet, 358, 2026–2033. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140–6736(01)07098–2Walldius, G., Jungner, I., Holme, I., Aastveit, A. H., Kolar, W., & Steiner, E. (2001). High apolipoprotein B, low apolipoprotein A-I, and improvement in the prediction of fatal myocardial infarction (AMORIS study): A prospective study. Lancet, 358, 2026–2033. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140–6736(01)07098–2Wang, X., Cheng, M., Zhao, M., Ge, A., Guo, F., Zhang, M., Yang, Y., Liu, L., & Yang, N. (2013). Differential effects of high-fat-diet rich in lard oil or soybean oil on osteopontin expression and inflammation of adipose tissue in diet-induced obese rats. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 52, 1181–1189.Wang, X., Cheng, M., Zhao, M., Ge, A., Guo, F., Zhang, M., Yang, Y., Liu, L., & Yang, N. (2013). Differential effects of high-fat-diet rich in lard oil or soybean oil on osteopontin expression and inflammation of adipose tissue in diet-induced obese rats. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 52, 1181–1189.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394–012-0428-zhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s00394–012-0428-zWei, Y., Wang, D., Topczewski, F., & Passagliotti, M.J. (2006). Saturated fatty acids induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis indepently of ceramide in liver cells. American Journal of Physiology — Endocrinology and Metabolism, 291, 275–281. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00644.2005Wei, Y., Wang, D., Topczewski, F., & Passagliotti, M.J. (2006). Saturated fatty acids induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis indepently of ceramide in liver cells. American Journal of Physiology — Endocrinology and Metabolism, 291, 275–281. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00644.2005Wen, H., Gris, D., Lei, Y., Jha, S., Zhang, L., Huang, M. T.-H., Brickey, W. J., & Ting, J. P.-Y. (2011). Fatty acid-induced NLRP3-ASC inflammasome activation interferes with insulin signaling. Nature Immunology, 12, 408–415.Wen, H., Gris, D., Lei, Y., Jha, S., Zhang, L., Huang, M. T.-H., Brickey, W. J., & Ting, J. P.-Y. (2011). Fatty acid-induced NLRP3-ASC inflammasome activation interferes with insulin signaling. Nature Immunology, 12, 408–415.https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.2022https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.2022Widdowson, E. M. (1965). Absorption and excretion of fat, nitrogen, and minerals from «filled» milks by babies one week old. Lancet, 2(7422), 1099–1105. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140–6736(65)90065–6Widdowson, E. M. (1965). Absorption and excretion of fat, nitrogen, and minerals from «filled» milks by babies one week old. Lancet, 2(7422), 1099–1105. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140–6736(65)90065–6Wolk, A., Bergstrom, R., Hunter, D., Willett, W., Ljung, H., Holmberg, L., Bergkvist, L., Bruce, A., & Adami, H. O. (1998). A prospective study of association of monounsaturated fat and other types of fat with risk of breast cancer. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158, 41–45. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.158.1.41Wolk, A., Bergstrom, R., Hunter, D., Willett, W., Ljung, H., Holmberg, L., Bergkvist, L., Bruce, A., & Adami, H. O. (1998). A prospective study of association of monounsaturated fat and other types of fat with risk of breast cancer. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158, 41–45. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.158.1.41Yang, M., Wei, D., Mo, C., Zhang, J., Wang, X., Han, X., Wang, Z., & Xiao, H. (2013). Saturated fatty acid palmitate-induced insulin resistance is accompanied with myotube loss and the impaired expression of health benefit myokine genes in C2C12 myotubes. Lipids in Health and Disease, 12, 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476–511X-12–104.Yang, M., Wei, D., Mo, C., Zhang, J., Wang, X., Han, X., Wang, Z., & Xiao, H. (2013). Saturated fatty acid palmitate-induced insulin resistance is accompanied with myotube loss and the impaired expression of health benefit myokine genes in C2C12 myotubes. Lipids in Health and Disease, 12, 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476–511X-12–104.Zhang, K. (2010). Integration of ER stress, oxidative stress and the inflammatory response in health and disease. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 3(1), 33–40.Zhang, K. (2010). Integration of ER stress, oxidative stress and the inflammatory response in health and disease. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 3(1), 33–40.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.