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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">foodmeta</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">FOOD METAENGINEERING</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>FOOD METAENGINEERING</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-6497</issn><publisher><publisher-name>All-Russian Dairy Research Institute</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37442/fme.2026.2.119</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">foodmeta-119</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзорная статья</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Scoping Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Жировая фаза пищевых систем: критический обзор влияния состава и соотношения животных и растительных жиров на липидный обмен и кардиометаболические показатели</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Fat Phase of Food Systems: A Critical Review of the Effects of the Composition and Ratio of Animal and Vegetable Fats on Lipid Metabolism and Cardiometabolic Markers</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7716-4041</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лаптева</surname><given-names>Елена Александровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lapteva</surname><given-names>Elena А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">lapteva1985@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский биотехнологический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Biotechnological University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>2</issue><elocation-id>119</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лаптева Е.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лаптева Е.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lapteva E.А.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.fme-journal.org/jour/article/view/119">https://www.fme-journal.org/jour/article/view/119</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: Обосновать необходимость включения пищевой переработки в систему One Health как самостоятельного объекта санитарно-технологического наблюдения за антимикробной резистентностью при производстве продукции из животноводческого сырья.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы: Статья подготовлена в жанре академического мнения на основе аналитического сопоставления международных руководств по интегрированному мониторингу антимикробной резистентности, исследований пищевых производственных сред, биоплёнок, персистенции микроорганизмов и геномного прослеживания источников контаминации. Аргументация направлена на разграничение данных, применимых для управления технологическим риском, и данных, достаточных для вывода о риске для здоровья человека.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: Распространение и сохранение антимикробной резистентности в пищевой цепи зависят не только от предшествующего применения противомикробных препаратов в животноводстве, но и от способности среды перерабатывающего предприятия допускать, устранять или перераспределять микробные популяции. Рутинный контроль сырья, производственной среды и готовой продукции остаётся основой пищевой безопасности, однако он не всегда позволяет установить, связано ли повторное выявление микроорганизма с новым заносом или с персистенцией генетически близкого штамма в конкретной производственной нише. Для устранения этого ограничения предложена риск-ориентированная модель мониторинга, объединяющая пространственно привязанный отбор проб, архивирование значимых изолятов, целевую оценку фенотипической чувствительности, типирование повторных находок и применение полногеномного секвенирования либо метагеномного анализа при наличии конкретного технологического вопроса. Показана необходимость различать санитарное несоответствие, технологическую персистенцию, фенотипическую устойчивость, наличие генетических детерминант устойчивости и подтверждённый риск для здоровья человека.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение: Мониторинг антимикробной резистентности на предприятиях пищевой переработки следует рассматривать как инструмент установления источника контаминации, проверки результативности корректирующих действий и формирования сопоставимых данных для интеграции с ветеринарным и клиническим надзором. Выявление устойчивого микроорганизма или гена устойчивости не должно автоматически служить основанием для квалификации партии продукции как небезопасной без оценки микробиологического, технологического и эпидемиологического контекста.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background: Animal fats and vegetable oils are often framed as uniformly harmful and uniformly beneficial, respectively. This dichotomy has been challenged by a recent commentary advocating a reassessment of lard in glucose homeostasis.</p></sec><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Purpose: To critically appraise current evidence on lard, other animal fats, and vegetable oils in relation to type 2 diabetes, lipid disorders, blood pressure, liver disease, cardiovascular events, and mortality.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods: A critical review with a structured PubMed/MEDLINE search and reference-list checking covered publications from 1 January 2021 to 4 July 2026. Randomized controlled trials, prospective cohorts, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses were prioritized. Animal studies were analysed separately as hypothesis-generating evidence.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: Direct human evidence on lard is limited to two 12-week controlled feeding trials in healthy adults comparing lard, soybean oil, and a 1:1 blend. The blend, but not pure lard, was associated with larger decreases in blood pressure or aminotransferase activity; no between-group differences were observed for glucose or blood lipids. These studies do not establish antidiabetic or cardioprotective effects of lard. Animal experiments are directionally inconsistent and depend on the model, dietary fat percentage, and comparator oil. For vegetable oils, the most consistent evidence concerns replacement of saturated fats with unsaturated fats rather than plant origin per se.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion: The relevant analytical unit is the isocaloric replacement model, the specific fatty-acid profile, culinary use, and the overall dietary pattern.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>свиное сало</kwd><kwd>животные жиры</kwd><kwd>растительные масла</kwd><kwd>линолевая кислота</kwd><kwd>насыщенные жирные кислоты</kwd><kwd>диабет 2 типа</kwd><kwd>кардиометаболический риск</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>lard</kwd><kwd>animal fats</kwd><kwd>vegetable oils</kwd><kwd>linoleic acid</kwd><kwd>saturated fatty acids</kwd><kwd>type 2 diabetes</kwd><kwd>cardiometabolic risk</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdollahi, S., Soltani, S., Ramezani-Jolfaie, N., Mohammadi, M., Sherafatmanesh, S., Lorzadeh, E., &amp; Salehi-Abargouei, A. 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