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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">foodmeta</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">FOOD METAENGINEERING</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>FOOD METAENGINEERING</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-6497</issn><publisher><publisher-name>All-Russian Dairy Research Institute</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37442/fme.2026.2.112</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">foodmeta-112</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальное эмпирическое исследование</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Empirical Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Кинетика деградации молочной продукции и выбор направлений переработки на основе критических биомаркеров</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Degradation Kinetics of Dairy Products and Selection of Processing Strategies Based on Critical Biomarkers</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9567-7414</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыскин</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Сергеевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryskin</surname><given-names>Dmitry S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аспирант</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate Student</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ryskin.dmitry@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1241-0026</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семипятный</surname><given-names>Владислав Константинович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Semipyatny</surname><given-names>Vladislav K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор технических наук, заведующий лаборатории пищевой метаинженерии </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Technical Science, Head of the Food Metaengineering Laboratory</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">v_semipyatniy@vnimi.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Илларионова</surname><given-names>Елена Евгеньевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Illarionova</surname><given-names>Elena E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научный сотрудник</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Scientist</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e_illarionova@vnimi.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1628-7681</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Климова</surname><given-names>Дарья Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Klimova</surname><given-names>Darya V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Инженер-исследователь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Engineer</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">d_klimova@vnimi.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0551-8058</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Косарева</surname><given-names>Анастасия Валерьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kosareva</surname><given-names>Anastasia V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Инженер-исследователь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Engineer</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a_kosareva@vnimi.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6632-8004</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ануфриев</surname><given-names>Константин Эдуардович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Anufriev</surname><given-names>Konstantin E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Младший научный сотрудник</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">k_anufriev@vnimi.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рябова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Евгеньевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryabova</surname><given-names>Anastasiya E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор технических наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Technical Science</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a_ryabova@vnimi.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт молочной промышленности (ВНИМИ)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>All-Russian Dairy Research Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>2</issue><elocation-id>112</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Рыскин Д.С., Семипятный В.К., Илларионова Е.Е., Климова Д.В., Косарева А.В., Ануфриев К.Э., Рябова А.Е., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рыскин Д.С., Семипятный В.К., Илларионова Е.Е., Климова Д.В., Косарева А.В., Ануфриев К.Э., Рябова А.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ryskin D.S., Semipyatny V.K., Illarionova E.E., Klimova D.V., Kosareva A.V., Anufriev K.E., Ryabova A.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.fme-journal.org/jour/article/view/112">https://www.fme-journal.org/jour/article/view/112</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение: Молочная продукция с предельным сроком годности формирует поток пищевых отходов, однако ее переработка затруднена вариабельностью состава и степени деградации. Существующие схемы валоризации (жироотделение, ферментация, анаэробное сбраживание, сушка) ориентированы на однородные потоки и недостаточно учитывают особенности смешанных молочных систем, что ограничивает возможность обоснованного выбора маршрута переработки.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: Выявить критические параметры деградации смешанных молочных систем с предельным сроком годности и разработать на их основе алгоритмические принципы для интеллектуальной системы сортировки, обеспечивающей выбор оптимального направления переработки.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы: Объектами исследования являлись сливки, сметана, кефир и их бинарные смеси 50/50 жирностью 2,5-15%, срок хранения 90-120% от рекомендованного производителем. Проведен полнофакторный эксперимент ускоренного хранения при (32 ± 1) °C с отбором проб через 0, 72 и 144 ч. Определяли pH, титруемую кислотность, условную вязкость, лактозу, показатели жировой фазы (перекисное и кислотное числа, жирнокислотный состав) и профиль органических кислот. Для экстраполяции на хранение при 5 °C использовали модель Аррениуса, а для унификации потоков – регрессионный и кластерный анализ.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: Скорость деградации определялась исходной матрицей и долей ферментированных компонентов. Наиболее выраженные изменения выявлены в сливках и смесях со сливками: кислотность сливок выросла с 16 до 136 °Т, pH снизился на 2,9 единицы, а условная вязкость увеличилась более чем в 100 раз, что свидетельствует о развитии кислотной коагуляции и гелеобразования. Сметана характеризовалась наибольшей стабильностью, кефир – высокой начальной кислотностью и выраженным кислотонакоплением. В жировой фазе зафиксирован рост перекисного числа до 5,1-6,6 мэкв O₂/кг и кислотного числа до 1,7-2,2 мг KOH/г. Регрессионные модели позволили прогнозировать изменения этих показателей по составу смеси и времени хранения. Накопление молочной кислоты при наличии остаточной лактозы указывает на потенциал кислотной валоризации, тогда как содержание летучих жирных кислот более 1000 мг/л может служить основанием для перенаправления сырья после жироотделения на анаэробное сбраживание. Кластеризация по жирнокислотному составу позволила выделить 4 устойчивые группы образцов, пригодные для унификации партий.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы: Деградационные изменения молочной продукции с предельным сроком годности рассматриваются как совокупность критических биомаркеров, позволяющих соотносить состояние сырья с рациональным маршрутом переработки. Предложенный подход может быть использован для интеллектуальной сортировки, предварительной оценки и маршрутизации продукции, выведенной из стандартного оборота, на этапах хранения, логистики и переработки, создавая основу для обоснованной валоризации неоднородных молочных потоков и снижения потерь ценных компонентов.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction: Dairy products near or beyond the end of their recommended shelf life form a stream of food waste, yet their processing is hampered by compositional variability and different degrees of degradation. Existing valorization schemes, including fat separation, fermentation, anaerobic digestion, and drying, are mainly designed for homogeneous streams and do not sufficiently account for the specific features of mixed dairy systems, which limits the evidence-based selection of an appropriate processing route.</p></sec><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Purpose: To identify critical degradation parameters of mixed dairy systems near or beyond the end of their recommended shelf life and to develop algorithmic principles for an intelligent sorting system that supports the selection of a rational processing route.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods: The study objects were cream, sour cream, kefir, and their 50:50 binary mixtures, with fat contents ranging from 2.5 to 15% and stored for 90–120% of the manufacturer-recommended shelf life. A full-factorial accelerated storage experiment was conducted at (32 ± 1) °C, with sampling after 0, 72, and 144 h. The following parameters were determined: pH, titratable acidity, apparent viscosity, lactose content, fat-phase characteristics (peroxide value, acid value, and fatty acid composition), and organic acid profile. The Arrhenius model was used to extrapolate the results to storage at 5 °C, while regression and cluster analyses were applied to group and standardize raw material streams.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: The degradation rate was determined by the initial matrix and the proportion of fermented components. The most pronounced changes were observed in cream and cream-containing mixtures: the titratable acidity of cream increased from 16 to 136 °T (degrees of titratable acidity used in Russian dairy practice), pH decreased by 2.9 units, and apparent viscosity increased more than 100-fold, indicating acid coagulation and gel formation. Sour cream showed the greatest stability, whereas kefir was characterized by high initial acidity and pronounced acid accumulation. In the fat phase, the peroxide value increased to 5.1–6.6 meq O₂/kg and the acid value to 1.7–2.2 mg KOH/g. The regression models made it possible to predict changes in these parameters as a function of mixture composition and storage time. Lactic acid accumulation in the presence of residual lactose indicates the potential for lactic acid valorization, whereas a volatile fatty acid content above 1000 mg/L may serve as a criterion for redirecting the raw material, after fat separation, to anaerobic digestion. Cluster analysis based on fatty acid composition identified four stable sample groups suitable for batch standardization.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion: Degradation changes in dairy products near or beyond the end of their recommended shelf life can be interpreted as a set of critical biomarkers that relate the condition of the raw material to a rational processing route. The proposed approach can be used for intelligent sorting, preliminary assessment, and routing of dairy products withdrawn from standard circulation at the stages of storage, logistics, and processing. This creates a basis for evidence-based valorization of heterogeneous dairy streams and for reducing losses of valuable components.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>молочная продукция с предельным сроком годности</kwd><kwd>критические биомаркеры</kwd><kwd>валоризация</kwd><kwd>ускоренное хранение</kwd><kwd>интеллектуальная сортировка</kwd><kwd>молочные отходы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>dairy products at the end of their shelf life</kwd><kwd>critical biomarkers</kwd><kwd>valorization</kwd><kwd>accelerated storage</kwd><kwd>intelligent sorting</kwd><kwd>dairy waste.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт молочной промышленности (ВНИМИ)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">All-Russian Dairy Research Institute</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бабаев, В. 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